{"title":"Prolegomenon","authors":"G. Gaus","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Hayek contended that the Open Society has evolved beyond basic human inclinations and capacities. We will consider his three Unsettling Theses. First, that the Open Society is fundamentally at odds with our evolved moral intuitions. Second, that the Open Society’s complexity surpasses our capacity to understand the function and justification of its constitutive rules. Third, that the Open Society has evolved beyond our governance. These concerns apparently manifest in our daily politics. Because of the first, we are constantly tempted to morally renounce, and construct barriers to, The Open Society. Because of the second, our attempts to reflect on and reconstruct its rules generate unrelenting moral conflict. Because of the third, we lack the knowledge to competently improve the functioning of the Open Society, and so we are always disappointed with our politics. Hayek’s diagnoses of these systems, long dismissed, resonate with a large body of contemporary scientific work and thus merit deeper investigation and possible revision. This will be done across inquiries into each one of Hayek’s Unsettling Theses. The first inquiry considers the problem of our evolved moral nature, and whether we are by nature parochial egalitarians who rebel at diversity, inclusion and impartiality. The second inquiry analyses the Open Society itself, particularly its autocatalytic diversity and constant change. The third inquiry focuses on whether the open society is beyond governance.","PeriodicalId":199430,"journal":{"name":"The Open Society and Its Complexities","volume":"222 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134192339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Complexities of Self-Governance","authors":"G. Gaus","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The first two Parts of this work have responded to two of Hayek’s unsettling claims concerning morality: that, given our moral evolution, we may be unfit for the Open Society; and that the Open Society is so complex as to befuddle attempts at moral justification. Each of these turned out to indeed be pressing problems, yet in both cases the resources of humans in a complex society are richer than Hayek thought. Part III turns to Hayek’s last unsettling thesis, and that which has been the focus of greatest criticism: that our complex Open Society is in many ways beyond human control and governance. This Part considers the dimensions of self-governance (control, setting the institutional framework, and solving strategic dilemmas), and considers the challenges posed by social complexity at the macro, meso, and micro levels.","PeriodicalId":199430,"journal":{"name":"The Open Society and Its Complexities","volume":"108 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123443151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diversity and Self-Organized Complexity","authors":"G. Gaus","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Part II of the volume takes up Hayek’s second unsettling thesis: that the Open Society is too complex for the practice of moral justification. To begin to analyze this unsettling thesis, it first considers the nature of the Open Society, and why it is characterized by extreme diversity and complexity. Thus the first section of this essay seeks to distinguish Millian and other liberalisms from the far more deeply diverse Open Society. It then argues that the Open Society is characterized by a process of autocatalytic diversity, which leads to ever-increasing complexity. This second essay concludes with an account of how the constitutive moral rules of the Open Society can be justified. It endorses Hayek’s criticism of social contract theory, proposing in its stead a self-organization model of moral justification.","PeriodicalId":199430,"journal":{"name":"The Open Society and Its Complexities","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126994312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rise of a Normative Species","authors":"G. Gaus","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648978.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Part I of the volume takes up an unsettling thesis advanced by F. A. Hayek: that our evolved, tribal, and egalitarian sentiments are in deep conflict with the impartiality and inclusiveness of the Open Society. Hayek, it argues, was correct that the core of human morality arose during the long hunter-gatherer period in our history. However, Hayek largely overlooked the extent to which human cooperation arose on the basis of strong reciprocity, and the way in which our egalitarianism is manifested in impartial norms that protect against bullying and domination. These features of what is deemed “the Modern Egalitarian Package” allow it to be scaled up to large impersonal moral networks.","PeriodicalId":199430,"journal":{"name":"The Open Society and Its Complexities","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128209767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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