Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Risk management for small farmers in Pakistan: A review","authors":"A. Hussain","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.334","url":null,"abstract":"Limited progress has been made in the area of risk management for small farmers in Pakistan. Thus, in this review based study, maximum efforts have been made to collect relevant information on the topic from available published sources over last two decades. The local information is supplemented by synthesis of information about regional as well as non-regional countries. In the country, wide gap in agricultural productivity exists between average and progressive farmers that is causing difficulty for small farmers in managing risks. Small farmers are unable to access and compete in high end agricultural markets. Profitability of major crops is quite low and producers’ shares in consumer rupee are also quite low for fruits and vegetables. It affects farmers’ capacity to invest in the sector. While, in the farming business, disbursement of right amount of credit at appropriate time is a key challenge. Similarly, cost of borrowing is inversely related to size of land holding. Thus, small farmers are to rely on informal sector for finances and bear high interest rate on small size loans. Their crop choices depend on productivity and price risks and prudent risk sharing among themselves. Furthermore, their choice to diversify farms also depends on consumption price risk. Illiteracy and inability to read or write make them susceptible to various personnel and human health risks. Crop and livestock insurance schemes, Kissan package, value chain contract financing are the initiatives taken by the public and formal sector banks to support small resource poor farmers. However, there is lack of coordination among agriculture related provincial institutions, provinces as well as with and within federal institutions. Similarly, absence of institutional arrangement and regulatory framework is resulting in vulnerability of livelihood for small farmers as well as undue pressure on natural resources","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67673927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes and consequences of social conflicts among rural families in Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Sohaib Usman","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.643","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in three tehsils, Gujranwala, Nowshera Virkan and Wazirabad of district Gujranwala. The major objective of the study was to explore the causes and consequences of the different conflicts faced by the rural people. A total 384 respondents were chosen at random. Data were collected through face-to-face interview technique on a structured, validated and reliable interview schedule from randomly selected 384 respondents. Collected data were analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings indicated that, conflicts between two groups; conflicts over access to power, feeling of self-superiority, dispute over access to agricultural resources, mutual farming, disturbance in family relationship and theft of farm produce were the major causes of the conflicts as perceived by respondents. The conflicts had adverse impacts on the availability of labor, inputs, and farm assets and more importantly on adoption of innovations among farmers in particular. In result, decrease in farm production and income of farmers was more likely. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that, age, education, income level, land size and farming experience of respondents had statistically significant relationship (P","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41568951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of dietary phytase (PHY) levels on nutrient digestibility, mineral absorption and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings fed Moringa based diets","authors":"M. Shahzad","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.256","url":null,"abstract":"PHY is very important enzyme in fish feed for the digestion of plant based diets as they have chelated compounds i.e. phytic acid. A seventy days experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase (PHY) supplemented Moringa oleifera based diets on the growth efficiency of Tilapia fingerlings. Tilapia fingerlings were fed with a diet made up of mixture of Moringa seed and leaf meal (MSM and MLM). Anti-nutritional agents present in plant based products, decrease the nutrient edibility, utilization of minerals and shows negative impact on development. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were prepared by the addition of PHY (0, 500, 650, 800, 950, 1100 and 1250 FTU per kg) in Moringa based diet and 1% of chromic oxide as indigestible marker. Fingerlings were fed @4% of live wet weight two times daily and faeces were collected and analyzed at the end of the trial. Growth parameters were also checked on fortnightly basis. Based on outcomes, improvement in growth i.e., weight gain WG (24g), weight gain percentage (356%), FCR (1.21), SGR (1.69), nutrient digestibility (CP; 74%, EE; 70%, and GE; 69%) and absorption of mineral (Ca; 72%, Na; 71%, K; 71% and P; 75%) was noticed when fingerlings were fed at 950 FTU per kg level based diet as compared to control and other test diets. It was additionally noticed, that PHY addition diminished the release of nutrients and minerals through faeces that was resulted in decreased water contamination. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that addition of PHY @ 950 FTU per kg level is very useful to formulate cost-effective and eco-friendly fish feed by utilizing Moringa-derived products as compared to control and other test diets.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67673910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of variation among American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) collected from different host plant in Punjab-Pakistan","authors":"A. Raza","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.8288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.8288","url":null,"abstract":"American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is poly-phagous pest which infects major fiber, pulses and vegetable crops, e.g., cotton, soybean, chickpea, brinjal, tomato, peas, beans, okra, and chili in Pakistan. Farmers use the different dosage of insecticides to control American bollworm on various crops that might be due to the existence of genetically diverse American bollworm population. So, it is essential to explore and get an understanding of this genetic variation existing among American bollworm, feeding on different host plants. The current study was conducted to observe the genetic variation existing among seven American bollworm populations by RAPD-PCR system collected from host plant including cotton, pea, green bean, chili, green chili, tomato and okra. Overall, 210-bands were obtained from thirty RAPD primers, out of these, 34-bands were polymorphic, and 176-bands were monomorphic. PIC values ranged from 0.2149 to 0.5014, with a mean of 0.2838. Genetic similarity ranged from 92.38% (produced by cotton and peas) to 99.52% (produced by chili and green beans) and the genetic distance range from 0.48% to 7.92%. A most important result was the clustering of the population occurring on green bean, chili, green chili, tomato and okra in one cluster. In contrast, the population occurring on cotton and pea were designated separate clusters, respectively. These results showed that population occurring on cotton and pea were most dissimilar to other populations indicating that populations are closely related to each other. There might be an interspecific crossing frequency among these populations.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44900711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE SIDE EFFECTS OF OXAMYL AND HYMEXAZOL ON FIVE SPECIES OF SOIL-DWELLING PREDATORY MITES","authors":"S. Alhewairini","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/19.8345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/19.8345","url":null,"abstract":"Side effects of oxamyl and hymexazol on five species of soil-dwelling predatory mites, Lasioseius dentatus (Fox) (Acari: Ascidae), Androlaelaps casalis (Berlese) (Acari: Laelapidae), Rhodacarus roseus (Oudemans) (Acari: Rhodacaridae), Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) (Acari: Macrochelidae) and Cunaxa setirostris (Hermann) (Acari: Cunaxidae) were tested under stringent laboratory conditions. Both oxamyl and hymexazol were found to drastically kill all five predatory soil mites listed above at three different concentrations (half of the recommended dose (HRD), recommended dose (RD) and double the recommended dose (DRD). Oxamyl was found to be more toxic than hymexazol to all five predatory soil mites as it could reduce their population by > 40% at the HRD, except R. roseus, as its population was reduced to 27.80%. In addition, the application of oxamyl can decrease the population of five predatory soil mites by >83% at RD while at DRD a total mortality rate could be seen. In conclusion, this research study has provided evidence which highlights the reduction of population of five predatory soil mites even after the exposure to half of the recommended dose of oxamyl and hymexazol. Therefore, precautionary measures should be taken to maintain the sustainability and to avoid disturbing the natural balance of the ecosystem","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41938886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive effects of salinity and drought stresses on soil respiration and microbial activities","authors":"A. Qadeer","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1263","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing frequency of droughts and problems related to salinization in irrigated areas may directly affect soil biological functions and soil respiration. An incubation study was designed to elucidate the effects of salinity and water intercross stresses on soil respiration and microbial activities. Three different moisture levels: optimum moisture conditions (80% water holding capacity (WHC)), moderate drought (50% WHC) and severe drought stress (30% WHC) were maintained in normal (ECe=1.48 dS m-1 ) and saline (ECe=8 dS m-1 ) soils. Our results showed that drought stress resulted in significant increase (p < 0.05) in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (601+79 mg C kg-1 soil) and cumulative C-CO2 emissions (1153+96 mg C kg-1 soil). While under drought stress, extracellular enzyme activities showed no significant difference except leucine aminopeptidase with significant increase in its activity. Similarly, under saline conditions, MBC and soil respiration were significantly higher compared with normal soil. Extracellular enzyme activities were also significantly increased under salinity stress. In contrast, when combined stresses of drought and salinity were applied, cumulative C-CO2 emissions were significantly decreased (968+91 mg C kg-1 soil) as evident by decreased β-glucosidase activity, involved in C cycling. In contrast, chitinase activity increased under combined abiotic stresses, confirming the availability of chitin from microbial dead biomass degradation. It was concluded that microbes adopted drought and salinity stresses when applied individually but combined salinity with drought stress limited microbial biomass and microbial activities in soil.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45976085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of silica fertilizer on morphological traits of sorghum forage under drought stress","authors":"E. Rezaei","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.1404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1404","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluate silica fertilizer's effect on the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under drought stress. A split-plot experiment was implemented in a randomized block design with three replications in two cropping years, 2017-2018, in a farm located in the Varamin - Iran. The treatments included irrigation at three levels of 60, 120 and 180 mm of evaporation from class A's evaporation pan level. The main factor was silica fertilizer as non-consumption (control), foliar application and silica irrigation fertilizer as a secondary factor. Based on the obtained results, the treatment containing total chlorophyll, RWC and stomatal conductance was obtained from the 60 mm evaporation treatment and silica fertilizer use in irrigation water. The use of silica fertilizer as irrigation water reduced the Hydrogen cyanide content by 4%. The highest amount of crude protein was estimated to be 12.60 from 180 mm stress treatment and the use of silica fertilizer in irrigation water, which were 19% higher than the control treatment, respectively. The best sorghum dry forage yield was obtained from 60 mm evaporation irrigation and silica irrigation fertilizer with an average of 82.22 ton ha-1 , which was 52% higher than the 180 mm evaporation stress treatment.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67673868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal effect of agricultural pollutants on coastline environment: a case study of the southern estuarine water ecosystem of the boseong county Korea","authors":"M. Iqbal","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.7996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.7996","url":null,"abstract":"The untreated disposal of wastewater in the coastal environment leads to growth of harmful algal blooms which risks the coastal ecology and human health. The harmful algal bloom can destroy aquatic natural life by reducing dissolved oxygen concentration. This study aimed to evaluate the eutrophication status at the Boseong county, Beolgyo village estuary, considering different water quality parameters. Furthermore, this study also investigated the effect of land use activates the estuarine water environment. The date of the acquisition for the Landsat 8 high-resolution satellite images were four different events i.e., 11th March, 2019, 15th June, 2019, 19th September, 2019, and 8 th December, 2019 in four different seasons such as Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter respectively for selected study region. Land use and land cover were extracted on the basis of accuracy’s percentage and the Kappa coefficient. Concentrations of water quality parameters such as Chlorophyll-a (Chla), Total Phosphorous (TP), Transparency of Sechi Depth (TSD) were extracted using Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI). The study found that the overall value of the CTSI is classified under the medium eutrophication state in summer and autumn season (CTSI~60-70). While it falls in the light eutrophic state in winter and spring seasons (CTSI~50-60). The value of TSI for all studied nutrients is the higher nearby cropping area as well as land settlements. The spatial variation of the trophic index in the study region aided strong evidence to be detected over the area’s adjutant to agrarian farming and urban habitats. The study concludes that the TSI could be used as a simple management tool to classify individual water ecosystems into broad classification that represent their water quality health.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43608416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytobeneficial bacterial inoculants for common bean growth and productivity in nitrogen and phosphorus deficient soils","authors":"Imane El Attar, Kaoutar Taha, Malika Oubohssaine","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.485","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the soils are N and P-deficient and require high applications of chemical fertilizers to ensure optimal crop production. However, this practice poses in most cases serious environmental issues. In recent years, inoculation with beneficial bacteria has emerged as a safe and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. In this context, we investigated the effect of two symbiotic Agrobacterium radiobacter strains (LMR670 and LMR676) and two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus sp. (M131) and Enterobacter sp. (P1S6), as single or combined inoculants, on common bean growth and yield under N and P-deficient conditions. In a first trial, Agrobacterium strains’ symbiotic efficiency with common bean was evaluated in a low phosphorus and nitrogen soil under greenhouse conditions. Strain LMR670 recorded the highest nodules number (53 nodules per plant) and shoot dry weight (0.553 g plant-1). This strain was then used in combination with the PGP rhizobacteria in a common bean co-inoculation assay under sufficient and deficient P levels (80 kg ha-1of P and No P added). Single inoculation with LMR670 recorded the highest shoot dry weight (82% increase compared to non-fertilized control) compared to combined inoculants (46-47% increase). To corroborate the obtained results, a field experiment was conducted using the same treatments. LMR670 as a single inoculant or mixed with M131 was consistently effective leading to common bean yields comparable to N and P fertilized plants (13.07 t ha-1 and 12.35 t ha-1 respectively). In addition, single inoculation with the multi-PGP strain M131 showed positive effects on all common bean growth parameters and yield value (14 t ha-1); exceeding even N and P fertilized control plants. These results suggest that the strains LMR670 and M131 can be used, in a single or combined inoculation, as effective biological fertilizers for common bean cultivation to replace phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Globally our results highlight the potential of native phytobeneficial strains for successful nodulation, growth and yield of common bean under N and P-deficient conditions.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45099582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment and prediction of milk production traits of Chinese Jersey cattle at different parities","authors":"Lin-sen Zhao","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/22.794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.794","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to analyze milk producing traits, correlation between milk production and parities of Chinese Jersey cattle, and to make accurate prediction. For this purpose, samples for this study were taken from a large-scale breeding farm of Chinese Jersey cattle and chemically and statistically analyzed. The results of ANOVA and LSD showed that milk yield, protein percentage, somatic cell, urea nitrogen and other lactating traits of Jersey cattle of different parities were significantly different. LSD results explored that milk fat percentage decreased gradually, as the parity increased from second to third parity, while there was no difference in milk fat percentage in third and fourth parity. Similarly, protein percentage in milk was highest in second parity and then it decreased in third parity and lowest protein percentage was observed in fourth parity. Results of coefficient of variation explored that milk yield, protein and somatic cells reached the maximum value at parity 2, and the coefficient of variation of milk fat percentage and urea nitrogen reached the maximum value at parity 4. There was a significant negative correlation between milk yield and milk fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen in all parities. There was a positive correlation between milk fat percentage and protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen. There was a positive correlation between the protein rate and somatic cells, which was significant only at the 1st and 4th parity. There was a significant positive correlation between urea nitrogen and somatic cells at parity 1, and a negative correlation at parity 2, 3 and 4. Results of realistic estimates of achievable prediction accuracy of lactating traits showed that the amplitude of realistic estimate of prediction of milk yield, milk fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell and urea nitrogen in four parities were -0.65%-23.41%, -3.23%-3.92%, -3.19%-2.94%, -44.43%-29.81% and -7.83% ~ 3.97%, respectively. Based on results it is concluded that a complex correlation between the lactating traits of Jersey cattle exist and parities can significantly affect milk yield, milk protein, somatic cells and urea nitrogen of Chinese Jersey cattle","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46185353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}