Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Concrete in Sanitary Sewer Pipes and Manholes: Field Surveys and Laboratory Assessment","authors":"Vinayak Kaushal, M. Najafi","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202027","url":null,"abstract":"Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of concrete in sanitary sewer pipe and manholes is the result of dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dissolving the cement matrix. The acid is produced by a complex series of chemical and biochemical reactions. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the basic science of the MIC process starting with the various biological processes leading to the production of dilute sulfuric acid; (2) to discuss historical attempts to fortify concrete; (3) to present methods to reduce odors and corrosion; (4) to evaluate the technology behind the use of antimicrobial admixture. The literature review and authors’ on-site and laboratory investigations suggest that MIC of concrete is a complex process that involves varied surface interactions. The addition of liquid antimicrobial additive as per ASTM standard procedure shows the resistance of concrete to MIC and its direct relation with the mixing time of admixture. Many empirical inputs like corrosion areas, corrosion rates, the impact of cement, and aggregate types varying with installation and repair of sewer structures are identified. The results of this study show that with the use of antimicrobial in the concrete, there was no growth of Thiobacillus bacteria and hence no acid production. This research facilitates both the science and long-term field experiences for the use of antimicrobial technology to provide reductions in the acid causing bacteria in sanitary manholes, pump stations and other concrete structures.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"2019 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120971295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular Photosynthetic Pigment and Structural Change in Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue) after Exposure to Acute and Chronic Chromium and Copper Stress","authors":"Danae M. Maes, August Finke, C. Smallwood, J. Ricken, J. Timlin, Anne M. Ruffing","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202025","url":null,"abstract":"Expanded industrial globalization has resulted in the release of high concentrations of heavy metals into environmental water sources and soils. Phytoremediation may help to remove these heavy metals from contaminated soils. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) exhibits phytoremediation potential due to its endurance and high stress tolerances. Here, we report photochemical and structural responses in tall fescue to acute and chronic doses of heavy metals, copper (Cu) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Visual signs of stress and decreased photosynthetic yield measurements were detected for both the acute and chronic exposures. To gain insight into stress responses at the cellular level, structural and pigment changes in tall fescue in response to Cu and Cr(VI) stress were assessed with brightfield and confocal fluorescence imaging. While brightfield images showed qualitative changes in plant tissue structure, the quantification of changes were not statistically significant due to high variability between leaf blades. Fluorescence imaging confirmed decreasing total chlorophyll content in tall fescue cross-sections in response to Cr(VI) and Cu exposure. To spectrally separate the closely related chlorophyll pigments (Chl-a, Chl-b, and Chl in photosystem I) and visualize their relative localizations within the plant tissue, hyperspectral confocal fluorescence microscopy was conducted with multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis of the data. These results determined that Chl-a and Chl-b were more significantly reduced than Chl associated with photosystem I. Additionally, a new spectral component was identified. A broad autofluorescence (AF) feature appeared in the late stress response of both acute and chronically exposed tall fescue and was localized in globular bodies. While the identity of the broad AF feature remains to be identified, we hypothesize that it may be associated with degraded chlorophyll components in autophagic bodies. If confirmed, this would indicate that autophagy is a stress response to heavy metal exposure in tall fescue.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"181 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134397500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the Interaction of Heatwaves and Urban Heat Islands Amplify Urban Warming","authors":"G. F. Garuma","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202022","url":null,"abstract":"An increase in global temperature will likely result in more intense and frequent heatwaves that would last longer. Simultaneously, the growth of urban population requires more areas of land incorporated into urbanization, because most people are expected to live in cities, which will increase the intensity and duration of urban heat islands. However, the extent of the link between global warming induced heatwaves and urbanization caused heat islands is barely understood. Understanding the link would give a new information about catastrophic heat mitigation strategies. This paper, therefore, quantifies, at the sub-continental scale of Eastern North America, the effects of background perturbations by the synergies between heatwaves and urban heat islands using simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and focusing on the responses of urban energy balances, boundary layer height and vertical profiles of heat, momentum and moisture. Results showed that urban heat islands exacerbate heatwaves by deepening the turbulent boundary layer height, modifying the urban surface energy and regional winds. The fractional energy shift from latent to sensible heat fluxes and the consequent changes to the urban planetary boundary layer tends to amplify the intensity, extent and duration of extensive heatwaves. The response of ground heat fluxes to urban surfaces lags, while urban canopy humidity dissipates earlier because at the onset of the heatwave the surface water evaporates quickly to the point where there is less water left for evaporation leaving the urbanized regions vulnerable to more heating. During the heatwave event, the mean wind speed dropped by 2.5 m/s, hence less cool air is available for ventilation. The planetary boundary layer deepens by a maximum of 90-m over urban compared to rural and this may prolong urban surface heating. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the best heat-stress management strategies from the perspectives of urban energy balance and planetary boundary layer height is an integral approach that would lower sensible heat fluxes and increase surface albedo, latent heat fluxes and wind flows towards urban centers.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116298455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Pollution Education: A Broad View of Knowledge on Soil Pollution and Educational Activities for Undergraduate Students","authors":"C. Lull, A. Lidón, M. Soriano","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202024","url":null,"abstract":"Soil pollution is a major challenge for ensuring a healthy environment and for human health. One of the critical points in soil pollution policy is the education and public awareness of the problem caused by soil pollution. Education influences decision-making on soil and water care. It is crucial to spread knowledge to undergraduate and graduate students about the determinantal effects of soil pollution on ecosystems and humans, considering today’s students are tomorrow’s guardians of soil and human health. A course on soil pollution aims to provide students with a foundation of the knowledge and skills required to work in this field. Knowledge of soil and contaminant properties, soil-pollutant interaction processes, transport of pollutants by soil and water, human health and ecological risk assessment, and measures for preventing soil pollution are fundamental for the sustainable management of soil and food safety. Students should be aware of the need to avoid the three types of soil pollution (chemical, radioactive, and biological) in industrial, agricultural, forest, and urban soils. This article provides a broad view of the knowledge taught in subjects related to soil pollution and introduces learning activities for undergraduate students.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125416159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Epistemic Uncertainty Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis in Green Construction Design","authors":"Siera Sylvester, Jalaycia O. Hughes, Clayton J. Clark II","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202023","url":null,"abstract":"Building performance is often expressed according to primary energy use; however studies should also include environmental load. To mitigate the effects of increased CO2 emissions, green building designs are now increasingly popular options for stakeholders. In contrast, impacts of green design parameters, building performance assessment, and design optimization objectives are not addressed sufficiently for American infrastructure. Designing low-energy architecture to minimize carbon emissions requires thoughtful articulation of green building design alternatives. A common barrier for green building design in the U.S. is the time needed to identify and evaluate alternatives. Modeling energy consumption in buildings is essential for different applications, including building energy management and establishing baselines for sustainable building performance codes. This paper proposes a new optimization objective, which considers annual carbon emissions for multi-family construction in Florida. A multi-step sensitivity and epistemic uncertainty approach are proposed to identify the critical design parameters during the early stages of sustainable building design. Building simulation software was utilized to model green building configuration for carbon emission values, further analyzed using Monte Carlo and Morris Method sensitivity analysis techniques. The present study considered green building design alternatives as variables since carbon emission reduction potential is sensitive to these variables. Results indicate that PV panel efficiency, PV payback limit, lighting efficiency, plug load efficiency, and solar heat gain coefficient are highly influential parameters. The methodology is presented, and an example is applied to a new construction multi-family apartment design in Tallahassee, FL. This uncertainty and sensitivity analysis improved the design efficiency, while emphasizing usefulness in the green building optimization process.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115196549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration of Reservoir Caprock: Long-Term Wellbore Sealing and Abandonment through Zeolite Enhanced Cement.","authors":"Sai Vamsi Krishna Vissa, M. Radonjic","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202017","url":null,"abstract":"Oil and gas wellbores that are drilled into the earth’s crust need to be plugged and abandoned, to restore the geological seals once they are no longer producing. The main aim of Plugging and abandonment (P&A) is to ensure that there is no leakage of hydrocarbons into the environment. Since offshore P&A is challenging due to subsurface temperature and pressure conditions, testing zeolite as an additive for improvement of cement properties is an intriguing research topic. This initial research aims to establish the chemical properties of zeolite when added to cement to hypothesize the mechanism of cement property enhancement. This work consists of the initial results in which the microstructural characterization of a naturally obtained zeolite ferrierite (FER) was done to compare it with the existing observations from the literature. Ferrierite was observed to have a needle like orthorhombic crystal structures and spherical crystal aggregates. The chemical composition was confirmed through EDS studies as it is made up of aluminum silicate crystals and proof was shown that the zeolites maintained chemical stability in the cement matrix even after hydration. Morphological characterization also showed features that indicated possible self-healing in commercial zeolite cement formulations used for geothermal wells, which was studied as a reference. The phase stability was indicated by XRD studies with ferrierite peaks observed at 2θ values of 25.195 and 25.5204 and it was differentiated in comparison to plain Class-H cement which did not have those peaks. A preliminary strength testing had also shown an improvement in 5% FER added Class-H cement in comparison to 15% and 30% FER added Class-H cement formulations which is promising for further studies.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131454069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Woven Tissues as Novel Cosmetic Carriers for a Green Beauty","authors":"P. Morganti, G. Morganti, M. Coltelli, Wladimir E Yudin, Hong-Duo Chen, A. Gagliardini","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202021","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 75% of textile waste is generated annually worldwide, as there is a dearth of viable recycling strategies. It has been estimated that textile industries can be responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution. As a consequence, if not properly managed, the cost of waste management of textile waste will be trillions of dollars annually. Moreover, the generated wastes are detrimental to the environment and public health. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the majority of the waste can be recycled to obtain, for example, natural polysaccharides that can be used to produce biodegradable tissues, films, and goods. These innovative tissues, constituted by chitin nanofibrils (CN) complexed with nanolignin (LG) bound to natural polysaccharide-based polymers, may be used as innovative cosmetic green carriers and novel biodegradable food packaging in line with the consumers requests. Consumers, in fact, are looking for biodegradable apparel, footwear, and natural cosmetics for the betterment of health and the environment, and thus, there is a demand for green cosmetics.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122533495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Recycled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (rSBR) Composites","authors":"E. Cusson, Jean-Christophe Mougeot, Mélanie Maho, F. Lacroix, A. Fazli, D. Rodrigue","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202012","url":null,"abstract":"Recycled styrene butadiene rubber (rSBR) from waste car tires was used as a filler in poly(lactic) acid (PLA) to modify its properties. The compounds were prepared via twin-screw extrusion and molded by injection with different rSBR contents (0 to 25% wt.). Additionally, recycled rubber particle size was controlled between 125 and 1000 μm to determine the effect of this parameter. From the samples produced, a series of morphological, physical and mechanical characterizations were performed. As expected, rSBR addition decreased the PLA stiffness. Up to 5% rSBR, the flexural and elastic moduli were unchanged, but the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact toughness were decreased. The highest tensile strength, elongation at break and impact toughness were achieved for PLA/rSBR blends filled with small rubber particles (125-250 μm). According to the morphological analysis, this behavior was associated to better interfacial interactions between smaller rSBR particles (higher specific surface area) and PLA resulting in a more uniform filler distribution and better stress transfer from PLA to rSBR. Finally, to complete the mechanical properties of the materials, fatigue tests were carried out on different blends and the results were related to instrumented indentation to get some more local information.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125615704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience with Active Learning: The Charleston, SC, USA Urban Heat Island Effect","authors":"E. Larsen, S. Ghanat, Scott Curtis","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2202020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202020","url":null,"abstract":"The urban heat island (UHI) effect is not well understood, especially within the cityscape. This editorial is from the perspective of an undergraduate student Cadet Emma Larsen, as she comes to understand the UHI through mentorship from professors Simon Ghanat and Scott Curtis, personal experiences as a cadet at a military academy in Charleston, SC, USA, and active learning through participation in a national heat observation campaign, the NOAA HeatWatch, and related independent research. HeatWatch seeks to understand the spatial variability of heat and humidity through citizen science. Volunteers fan out over a city three times in one day and collect information through car-mounted sensors. All the authors participated in data collection and team meetings, but this was the first time the student was exposed to project development across multiple institutions and realized the benefits a coordinated scientific endeavor has on her community. Finally, the student participated in her own heat study on the campus of The Citadel and gained a better appreciation of the relationship between land cover and geography on micro-scale temperature variability.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131199350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the Carbon Management Strategies of Retail Industry in Energy Consumption and the Whole Value-Chain of the Product - A Case Study of Auchan Holding","authors":"Yat Nam Leung, P. Dargusch, G. Hill","doi":"10.21926/aeer.2203031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2203031","url":null,"abstract":"Many multinational retail companies are exposed to financial risk related to climate change. Carbon management is important in keeping global temperature increases below 1.5°C to prevent the exacerbated impacts of climate change. Auchan Retail in Auchan Holding provides a good example of carbon management in the retail sector. Auchan Retail’s major emissions are the indirect emissions throughout their value chain (scope 3 emissions). The total estimated emission of scopes 1, 2 and 3 are 37,822,573.9 t CO2e. The firm has reduced these by improving energy efficiency, combating food waste and altering product-sourcing methods. However, the carbon emissions estimates of Auchan Retail are not comprehensive. Internationally recognized carbon emission indicators have not been taken into account. It is crucial to work on all the indirect and direct emissions that occur both upstream and downstream of the company’s operations, instead of focusing only on energy consumption (scopes 1 and 2). Auchan Retail should conduct a more comprehensive and accurate carbon emissions estimate to increase the legitimacy of their carbon management plan. This will facilitate the establishment of improved carbon reduction targets and measures in the future. Auchan Holding is recommended to be more ambitious on the carbon-offset program, exploring new markets and opportunities, which can effectively reach emissions reduction targets, reducing climate risks, and enhancing business growth.","PeriodicalId":198785,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132296358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}