Pakistan BioMedical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Need of Vaccine development in Pakistan","authors":"H. Kausar","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i01.840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i01.840","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, vaccines have played a critical role in protecting against a wide range of diseases, from influenza to polio. As the world continues to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for effective vaccines has never been greater. In Pakistan, the situation is no different. According to data from the World Health Organization, Pakistan has seen over 880,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and over 18,000 deaths as of January 2021 [1]. With numbers like these, it is clear that the development of vaccines is essential for bringing the pandemic under control and protecting the people of Pakistan. \u0000One of the primary reasons for the importance of vaccine development in Pakistan is the country's relatively limited resources. While many developed nations have the financial and technological resources to effectively manage the spread of COVID-19 through measures such as widespread testing and contact tracing, Pakistan has fewer resources at its disposal. In such a situation, vaccines provide an important tool for controlling the spread of the virus and protecting the population. Another reason for the need for vaccine development in Pakistan is the country's high population density. With over 220 million people living in a small area, Pakistan has one of the highest population densities in the world [2]. In such a densely populated country, it is especially important to have effective measures in place to prevent the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. Vaccines can play a crucial role in this regard by providing immunity to large numbers of people, thereby reducing the overall transmission of the virus. \u0000There is also the issue of economic impact to consider. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating effect on economies around the world, and Pakistan has been no exception. According to the World Bank, the pandemic is expected to have a significant impact on Pakistan's economy, with GDP growth forecast to fall from 2.4% in 2020 to -0.5% in 2021 [2]. One way to mitigate the economic effects of the pandemic would be to bring it under control as quickly as possible, and vaccines are an essential tool for achieving this. \u0000In order to address these challenges and improve vaccination rates in Pakistan, it is essential that efforts be made to increase the availability and accessibility of vaccines. This could involve investing in infrastructure and training to ensure that vaccines are properly stored, handled, and administered, as well as implementing outreach programs to educate the public about the importance of vaccination. In addition to these efforts, there is also a need for ongoing vaccine research and development in Pakistan. \u0000In conclusion, the need for vaccine development in Pakistan is clear. With limited resources, a high population density, and a struggling economy, the country needs effective tools for controlling the spread of COVID-19 and protecting its citizens. Vaccines have the potential to play a crucial role in this reg","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85183844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Psychological Perceptions and Effectiveness of Health-Related Technologies in University Students","authors":"Laiba Rana, M. Aslam, Hafsa Kamran, Rubab Awan, Hafiza Areej Akram","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i01.839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i01.839","url":null,"abstract":"Young people are using wearable technology and mobile health applications in astronomically greater numbers to keep track of their adaption to healthy lifestyles. Objectives: To evaluate psychological perceptions, motivation levels, satisfaction levels and effectiveness of health-related technologies in university students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done at the University of Lahore's Lahore Campus, for the duration of 4 months. Convenient sampling technique was used to calculate sample size.  A self-governing questionnaire was used to calculate data from 100 university students. Several statistical techniques, including cross tabulation and descriptive statistics, were used to examine the data using SPSS software. Results: Regarding psychological perceptions, 61% were conscious about their body image but 39% were not and 54% felt anxious after eating but 46% did not feel so. Regarding Motivation for physical activity, 37% were somewhat motivated, 30% a little bit motivated, 27% not at all and 6% were very well motivated. Regarding satisfaction levels, 52% were satisfied, 12% were highly satisfied and 18% were highly dissatisfied. Regarding effectiveness levels, 27% found these apps somewhat effective, 26% a little effective, 10% very effective and 37% not at all effective. Conclusion: A positive impact of these tools and technologies is hence found upon healthy lifestyle adaptation among university students","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80652647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"Fridoon Jawad Ahmad","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.837","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is currently a global crisis and is becoming a major issue for human health. The pharmaceutical industries' efforts to create novel therapeutic choices are being slowed down by the active bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics. Consequently, the rise in infectious diseases caused by resistant bacteria is accompanied by two main issues. Firstly, there is a rise in antibiotic resistance. Secondly, there is a growing disparity between the discovery of new drugs and the rise in antimicrobial resistance. Different treatment strategies are now being in practice to treat bacterial infections, including targeting bacterial virulence factors, bacteriophage therapy, and alteration of the microbiome. Alternative therapeutic approaches are consequently receiving more consideration as traditional antibiotics grow less effective [1]. \u0000The use of nanoparticles is one of the most promising ways for combating microbial drug resistance. Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles (NO NPs), chitosan-containing nanoparticles (chitosan NPs), and metal-containing nanoparticles are a few examples of nanoparticle types that use various ways to simultaneously fight against microorganisms. Nanoparticles can be used to overcome existing drug resistance mechanisms such as decreased drug absorption and increased drug efflux from the microbial cell, biofilm formation, and intrinsic resistance. Finally, antimicrobial drugs can be directed via nanoparticles to the site of infection, enabling greater therapeutic doses to be administered there and overcoming resistance. Antibodies directed against a specific antigen on the surface of the target microorganism can be coupled with nanoparticles. For instance, S. aureus can be killed with great specificity using nanoparticles linked with protein A antibodies [2]. \u0000Nanoparticles' chemical structure enables longer binding, active targeting of antibiotics with surface functionalization at the target location, and defense against enzymes. As a result, reaching a larger antibiotic concentration in the cell eliminates the need for a higher dose, which reduces adverse effects. Antibiotic nanoparticle conjugates have been recognized by several scientists as a novel class of antibacterial drugs that can lessen the issue of multidrug resistance. Numerous nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties, such as silver, gold, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide, have been tested against microbial pathogens that are multidrug-resistant in conjunction with commercially available antibiotics or peptides [3]. \u0000Widespread of infectious diseases caused by multiple resistant bacteria is increased day by day and pose a major threat to public health. Therefore, novel antimicrobial strategies are needed to combat the antimicrobial resistance. To reduce adverse effects, nanoparticles may be a preferable option for treating bacterial infections at very low concentrations. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78832899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Levels of Urea and Creatinine, Comorbidity and Socioeconomic Status in Diabetic Patients","authors":"Hina Asif, Tehreem Anwar, S. Sarwar","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.828","url":null,"abstract":"Nephropathy occurs in 10±40% of patients who have Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus [1±3]. The development of diabetic nephropathy cannot be explained by poor glycaemic control alone. Objectives: To determine the frequency, association of diabetes with gender, correlation of diabetes duration with urea and creatinine, co morbidity, socioeconomic status renal disease in diabetic patients. Methods: The study was carried out in Mayo Hospital. A total of 100 patients were included in this study from 1st November 2019 to 31st January 2020. Blood samples were collected from diabetic people for chemical analysis to determine the protein and Urea Creatinine Ratio (UCR). RFTs was done to calculate the urea/creatinine values and their ratios. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 13. Results: The ratio of male and female diabetic patients was 60:40. Mean age of male diabetic patients was 53.67 years and of female diabetic patients was 50.42 years. Frequency of renal diseases in diabetic patients was 55%. A significant p-value was obtained from the correlation of duration of diabetes (yrs) with urea and creatinine (mg%). Frequency of co-morbidity in all diabetic patients was measured and the highest frequency was of heart diseases. Conclusions: We conclude that diabetes is the single main and leading cause of renal diseases. It is clear that diabetic kidney disease is becoming a problem in Pakistan. As long as the duration of diabetes increases there will be more chances of renal disease so the proper diagnose at time and management is very necessary.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76432117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue Infected Patients in Local Population of Lahore","authors":"Khunsa Akhtar","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.833","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 20 years, dengue fever's demographic characteristics have significantly altered in Pakistan. Different facets of particular epidemics have been covered in small-scale research from around the nation during this time. However, there is a dearth of information on the country's general trend of dengue virus infection. Objectives: To examine liver function test of dengue infected patients, age and gender wise distribution of dengue virus infected patients. Methods: During August-November 2011, patients with clinical presentation of DF, who came to Emergency department of Mayo Hospital Lahore, were included in this study. Total 64 patients were included in this study and LFTs  were performed photometrically to see the effect of dengue virus infection on liver of affected patients during early days of infection from 2-7 days. Results: Out of 64 patients, 47 were males and 17 were females. Dengue fever was more common among the age group of 16-25 years and less common among children and older age group. All the patients had low platelet level with 29 patients had complaint of bleeding. Serum raised level of ALT and ALP was observed in some patients. Conclusions: Presently widespread throughout the year with a high frequency in the post-monsoon season, dengue fever is currently endemic in Pakistan. The median patient age for dengue has dropped, and younger patients, particularly men, may be more vulnerable. Total and differential leukocyte counts can assist identify individuals who are at risk for bleeding, and LFTs can show whether dengue virus infection has an impact on the liver.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79779822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver Function Tests in Hepatitis C Patients of Local Population of Lahore","authors":"A. Hafeez Khan","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.831","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic disease that results from hepatitis C infection. The tests used to screen for chronic liver disease are known as serum biochemical liver tests (LTs) (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase). Objectives: To determine the prevalence and etiologies of abnormal LTs in the population of Lahore, Pakistan. To determine whether there is any correlation of HCV infection and viral load to the clinical parameters such as ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, patient's age and gender. Methods: Liver function tests (ALT, AST, and Bilirubin) were carried out using standard kits and a regular chemical analyzer in a photometric manner. Results: In our research, we gathered information from 80 patients, out of whom 27 women and 53 men. HCV was more common in the adult population aged 30 years or older and in men than in women. These individuals had elevated levels of several biochemical markers as ALT, AST, and ALP. Conclusions: Based on the results of this research and our investigation, we saw instances of viral hepatitis being diagnosed in asymptomatic patients with abnormal LFTs. The findings of the present investigation showed that men and patients under the age of 30 in Lahore had a significant frequency of abnormal LTs. Test results reveal biochemical markers at particularly elevated levels. Implementing initiatives to lessen the potential burden of chronic liver disease may benefit from knowing the estimated prevalence and etiologies of aberrant LTs (CLD).","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75508475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Urolithiasis Using Non-Contrast Computed Tomography","authors":"Nauman Javed, A. John, Qurat-ul-ain Khalid, Muhammad Awais Hamza","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i11.822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i11.822","url":null,"abstract":"Kidney stone disease is one of the most frequent urinary system disorders, ranking third following urinary tract infection and prostate disease in urology departments, and is the most frequent by 10-15%. Objective: To detect urolithiasis in individuals with flank discomfort and renal colic using non-contrast computed tomography. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Chattha Hospital, Gondal Hospital, and Al-Amin diagnostic center. Prior to the non-contrast computed tomography KUB examination, a formal informed consent form was signed by each patient. In this study, a total of 126 individuals were examined, and all of them were diagnosed with urolithiasis and their incidental findings are evaluated on non-contrast computed tomography KUB. The average patient age was 44.2. For data analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0 was used. The eligibility of patients remained determined using inclusion criteria. Results: According to the results of 126 urolithiasis patients, n = 71 (56.3%) were males, n = 55 (43.7%) were women, and the greatest ratio was n = 23, (18.3%) in the 51-60 year age group. The most prevalent clinical symptom of urolithiasis was renal colic n=74(35.1%).The right side (45.24%) was more affected than the left side (34.13%). The right renal pelvis (18.2%), has the highest percentage, and right vesico-ureter junction and left upper pole calyces (3.3%) has the lowest percentage. Patients having 1 stone has highest frequency (58.7%). since most of patients developed mild (8.7%) or moderate (16.7%) or severe (11.9%) of Hydronephrosis and mostly (74.6%) negative Hydro-ureter. Conclusions: In the research, males and patients aged 51–60 were more likely than females to have urolithiasis. The right side were more related to the NCCT KUB findings.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91407728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Head On Computed Tomography Among Paediatric Patients Presenting with Trauma","authors":"Arooj Ansar, A. John, Abid Ali, Aiman Zafar, Zainab Saghir, Ali Junaid Dar","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.834","url":null,"abstract":"Unintentional falls from heights are one of the leading causes of mortality and permanent brain and bone damage in children. Objective: To evaluate the causes, symptoms, and findings of paediatric head trauma using Computed Tomography. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Aziz Bhatti Teaching Hospital, Gujrat. The data was collected from October 2022 to December 2022 for the duration of 4 months. A sample size of 120 patients has been calculated via a convenient sampling technique using a mean approach from previous related articles. Patients with falls from height in paediatric age 0-12 were included in the study while children elder than 12 were excluded from the study. The equipment used for the study was CT scan machine-64 helical. The data were entered and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 20.0.  Results: Out of 120 patients, most of the patients were in the age group of >1-5years 72(60.0%), 78(65.0%) patients were male while females were 42(35.0%). The most common finding on CT with a history of falls from height is noted to be skull fracture 51(42.5%). 84(70.0%) patients fall from the height of >6 and <15feet and the most common clinical finding in patients was pain 52(43.3%), followed by bleeding 41(34.2%). Conclusion: In conclusion, most of children between the age of 1-5years experience fall from a height of >6 feet to <15feet. Skull fracture is the most common diagnosis. CT is an accurate and reliable tool for diagnosing injuries in patients who fall from heights.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81033570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Liver Diseases Using Triphasic Computed Tomography","authors":"F. Jabeen, Izza Noor, Qurat-ul-ain Khalid, Noor Fatima","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i11.824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i11.824","url":null,"abstract":"The triphasic spiral liver computed tomography (CT) method is a standard way to find and describe a wide range of benign and cancerous liver lesions. This helps bring down the rates of death and illness among people with liver disease. Objective: To evaluate liver diseases in real time using Triphasic imaging procedure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Al-Amin Diagnostic Center, Chattha Hospital, and Gondal Hospital. Before Triphasic CT Scan, each patient completed a form of written informed consent.  A total of 65 people were examined. All diagnosed with various liver illnesses, as well as their findings were reviewed using  Triphasic liver CT Scan. The typical patient was 53.5 years old. Patients' eligibility was determined using inclusion criteria. Results: The majority of data population was male 39 (60%) and female 26 (40%). The majority of the findings included Portal vein thrombosis 6 (9.2%) liver lesion 5 (7.7%), ascitis 3 (4.6%), cirrhosis of liver 6 (9.2% ), Hepatocellular carcinoma 12 (18.46% ), Dilated CBD 4 (6.2% ), cholilithiasis 8 (12.3%), portal hypertension 5 (7.7%), hepatic Mets 6  (9.2%), Hepatic contusion 6 (9.2%), Right lobe nodules 3  (4.6%), segment 8 tumor  1 (1.5%). Conclusions: Computer tomography is a useful modality for identifying liver pathology. sixty-five patients in this study were aged 30-84 years (60%) male and (40%) female and were found to have a greater incidence of hepatic cellular carcinoma in the liver (12) (18.46%) and it is more affected in males than females","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79867452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Taste Receptor Class 2 genes in Mouse [Mus musculus]","authors":"Muhammad Asjad Riaz, Tehreem Anwar, S. Sarwar","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v5i11.829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i11.829","url":null,"abstract":"Because the amino acid sequence of mouse specie is closely related to human genes therefore, we use it as a role model for doing research related to human genome in improving the standards of life. The T2R receptors belong to the C family of GPCRs, which includes the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). All are G protein-coupled receptors but here we are only highlighting the different roles of distantly related receptors of the main taste bud system. Objective: To characterize and analyse the Taste Receptor Class 2 genes in mouse [Mus musculus]. Methods: In order to get insights into this gene family in mouse, we performed an extensive survey of taste receptor derived datasets. We identified 500 genes distributed among mouse encoding putative taste receptor proteins. Results: We characterised 61 vomeronasal type 2 receptor genes in Mus musculus. T2R gene family was found to be highly conserved in this study by using Weblogo tool. Also, a broad view of GABA inhibitory taste buds was observed. It evolved at the level of eukaryotes. The T2R is involved mainly in taste sensation. We also see protein-protein interaction using string database. Conclusions: The basic repertoire of T2R genes seems to be larger for most of the species including mouse and gene duplication still plays a role in lineage-specific increases in diversity. T2R gene family is very ancient, has high duplicability suggesting its essentiality as well as high protein interaction for TsR2 gene.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83055541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}