Jurnal Gagasan Hukum最新文献

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Criminological Analysis of Criminal Actions Motor Vehicle Theft Based Victimological Perspective (Decision Number: 168/Pid.B/2022/PN.Kla) 基于被害人视角的机动车盗窃犯罪行为犯罪学分析(决定号:168/Pid.B/2022/PN.Kla)
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13211
Albertus Hazel Bernaditya, Lukmanul Hakim, Gindha Ansori Wayka, Analisis Kriminologi, Terhadap Tindak, Pidana Pencurian, Kendaraan Bermotor, Berdasarkan Perspektif, Studi Putusan Nomor, Pid, Pn, Kla, Jurnal Gagasan Hukum
{"title":"Criminological Analysis of Criminal Actions Motor Vehicle Theft Based Victimological Perspective (Decision Number: 168/Pid.B/2022/PN.Kla)","authors":"Albertus Hazel Bernaditya, Lukmanul Hakim, Gindha Ansori Wayka, Analisis Kriminologi, Terhadap Tindak, Pidana Pencurian, Kendaraan Bermotor, Berdasarkan Perspektif, Studi Putusan Nomor, Pid, Pn, Kla, Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13211","url":null,"abstract":"Criminology is the science that studies crime. Crime is an act that harms society so that a negative reaction is given to it. One of the crimes that often occurs in society is the crime of motor vehicle theft. It is said to be detrimental because of the crime of theft of a motorized vehicle whose target object is a motorized vehicle that has high mobility and has high economic value. While victimology is the study of victims. It is said as a victim because there are several factors that make people commit these crimes. The problems in this study are the factors that cause the crime of motor vehicle theft and legal protection for the perpetrators of theft who participate in helping the main perpetrators based on a victimological perspective. The results of this research and discussion show that the factors that cause the crime of motor vehicle theft are environmental and economic factors. This was due to an invitation from a friend of the defendant who invited him to commit the theft as well as economic factors due to the high level of poverty which made the defendant not hesitate to take part in the theft of motorized vehicles. As well as legal protection for the perpetrators of theft who participate in helping the main actors based on the perspective of victimology is to get justice as fair as possible because the defendant behaves well and surrenders himself to the authorities. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122984337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Law Enforcement By Drugs Reserve Unit In Metro Resort Police Against Narcotics Abuse In Public Audience (Decision Number: 176/Pid.Sus/2021/Pn.Met) 都市度假区警察毒品储备股打击公众毒品滥用执法(决定号:176/Pid.Sus/2021/Pn.Met)
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13043
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum, Risti Dwi Ramasari, Kandiawan Putra, Raja Oloan Rambe
{"title":"Law Enforcement By Drugs Reserve Unit In Metro Resort Police Against Narcotics Abuse In Public Audience (Decision Number: 176/Pid.Sus/2021/Pn.Met)","authors":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum, Risti Dwi Ramasari, Kandiawan Putra, Raja Oloan Rambe","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13043","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of narcotics abuse cases in Indonesia is currently increasingly troubling the community. Perpetrators of narcotics abuse are not only adults, even teenagers or parents are very many. The domino effect resulting from narcotics abuse is also increasingly diverse, and efforts to overcome narcotics abuse are steps that are not easy \u0000to implement. The problem in this study is how the efforts by the Metro Police Narcotics Investigation Unit and the inhibiting factors in law enforcement against perpetrators of narcotics abuse in the general public.Research method The research method uses a normative juridical approach and an empirical approach using secondary data and primary data, then a qualitative juridical data analysis is carried out. The results of the study show: \u0000(1) Law enforcement efforts by the Metro Police Drug Investigation Unit against perpetrators of narcotics abuse in the general public through preventive and repressive measures. (2) The inhibiting factors are the lack of coordination in the field and the limited personnel of drug investigators, the lack of supervision of the community for the prevention and eradication of drugs in the community, and the lack of facilities and infrastructure in the counseling and coaching process that support the prevention of drug crimes.Suggestions, awareness is needed from all parties, both from the government, society and the perpetrators themselves to be immediately aware of the dangers of narcotics abuse by holding and attending more frequent seminars, legal counseling and discussions regarding the dangers of narcotics.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130517036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Judges' Considerations In Implementing Criminal Sanctions To Persons Of The Crime For Forcing Children To Perform Abusive Actions (Decision Number: 150/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Gdt) 法官对强迫儿童实施虐待行为罪犯罪人实施刑事制裁的考虑(决定号:150/Pid)。Sus / 2021 / PN Gdt)
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13016
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum, Muhammad Umar Adinata, S. Endang, Indah Satria
{"title":"Judges' Considerations In Implementing Criminal Sanctions To Persons Of The Crime For Forcing Children To Perform Abusive Actions (Decision Number: 150/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Gdt)","authors":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum, Muhammad Umar Adinata, S. Endang, Indah Satria","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000One example of the crime of forcing a child to commit obscene acts is based on Decision Number: 150/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Gdt which states that the Defendant Nuzul Hairi Bin Nurul Huda has been legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing a crime of committing violence and threats of forceful violence child commits obscene acts. Factors that cause perpetrators to commit crimes of forcing children to commit obscene acts based on Decision Number: 150/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Gdt are educational factors, environmental factors or place of residence. The criminal act of sexual intercourse with a child in the jurisdiction of the Pesawaran Resort Police is indicated by the process of development of culture and civilization. Displacement of norms of behavior in western cultural areas and studied as a mental conflict or as a clash of cultural values. Economic factor theory is fundamental to all social structures. Economic development in the jurisdiction of the Pesawaran Resort Police tends to be uneven, there are still many people who have not found work or are unemployed. This condition causes social deviations in society, such as the crime of sexual intercourse with a child in the jurisdiction of the Pesawaran Resort Police. The judge's considerations in applying criminal sanctions to perpetrators of the crime of forcing children to commit obscene acts based on Decision Number: 150/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Gdt consist of 2 (two) things, namely aggravating things and mitigating things. What was aggravating was that the actions of the defendant had damaged the future of the witness-victim, the parents of the witness-victim felt very objection to the actions of the defendant, and the actions of the defendant had violated religious norms. Meanwhile, the mitigating factors are that the defendant admits and regrets his actions and promises not to repeat his actions, and the defendant has never been punished.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129522719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Legal Security Of Land Ownership By The System Law In Indonesia And Judicia Practice 印尼土地所有权的制度法律保障及司法实践
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13232
Barita Sidabutar
{"title":"Legal Security Of Land Ownership By The System Law In Indonesia And Judicia Practice","authors":"Barita Sidabutar","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13232","url":null,"abstract":"Cases of land title certificates issued by the National Land Agency are still officially available in several regions in Indonesia. A certificate of ownership is a guarantee to provide legal certainty and protection to the holder of a right to a plot of land so that the party who proves is the true owner of the parcel of land. In this study, having proof of land ownership in the form of a Certificate of Ownership over land does not guarantee legal certainty for landowners. This study aims to determine the legal certainty of ownership of certificates of land rights based on several applicable laws and regulations, and based on the decision of the Medan District Court Number 784/Pdt.G/2019/PNMdn; Pekanbaru District Court decision Number 178/Pdt.G/2021/PNPbr; and Jambi District Court decision Number 40/Pdt.G/2021/PNJmb. The results of this study are that legal certainty of ownership of land rights according to the legal system in Indonesia does not provide absolute certainty of rights because even if someone already has a letter as proof of land ownership, other parties can still sue the owner of the land.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117321061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimizing The Role Of The State Administrative Court In Assessing Elements Of Abuse of Authority Based on Law No. 30 of 2014 jo. Supreme Courts No. 4 of 2015 基于2014年省部法第30号优化国家行政法院在职权滥用认定中的作用。最高法院2015年第4号判决
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13158
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum, Bagus Teguh Santoso, Samuel Dharma, Putra Nainggolan, Jamalum Sinambela, Kholilur Rahman
{"title":"Optimizing The Role Of The State Administrative Court In Assessing Elements Of Abuse of Authority Based on Law No. 30 of 2014 jo. Supreme Courts No. 4 of 2015","authors":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum, Bagus Teguh Santoso, Samuel Dharma, Putra Nainggolan, Jamalum Sinambela, Kholilur Rahman","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13158","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of Abuse of Authority as contained in Law 31/1999 as amended and added to Law 20/2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes creates a dualism of understanding. The definition of abuse of authority in criminal law and the definition of abuse of authority in administrative law clearly experience differences in terms of concept and law enforcement. This research describes the concept of abuse of authority from the perspective of administrative law, this research is a normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches so that the understanding of abuse of authority and its legal consequences in administrative law, and its relation to the enforcement of corruption crimes can be understood.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":" 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120829432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Copyright And Music And Song Art Works In The Digital Era 数字时代的版权与音乐与歌曲艺术作品
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.14228
Dwi Anindya Harimurti
{"title":"Copyright And Music And Song Art Works In The Digital Era","authors":"Dwi Anindya Harimurti","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.14228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.14228","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades, art and technology have become increasingly inseparable. Technology, in this case the internet, has given birth to a new era known as the digital era, followed by the emergence of many problems, one of which is in the field of copyright. A number of cases of copyright infringement were committed by art creators and the public in general, both consciously and unconsciously due to the lack of knowledge about copyright, especially now that all the information needed is readily available on the Internet. This condition provides a huge opportunity to plagiarize a work of art. Through library research, this study focuses on the perspective of limitations and exceptions to copyrights for works of art in the digital era and describes the concepts of regulation and protection.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115636862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Contradiction Of Diversion Become An Option For Handling And Resolving Cases Against Children Who Complete Criminal Actions 分流矛盾成为处理和解决对完成刑事诉讼的儿童案件的一种选择
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13729
Retno Dwi Astuti, Anggi Dwita, Yusabbihu Zafarina, Sadiah, Surya Afif Rahmandika, Herli Antoni, Kontradiksi Diversi, Yang Menjadi, Suatu Opsi, Penanganan Dan, Penuntasan Kasus, Terhadap Anak, Yang Melakukan, Tindak Pidana
{"title":"The Contradiction Of Diversion Become An Option For Handling And Resolving Cases Against Children Who Complete Criminal Actions","authors":"Retno Dwi Astuti, Anggi Dwita, Yusabbihu Zafarina, Sadiah, Surya Afif Rahmandika, Herli Antoni, Kontradiksi Diversi, Yang Menjadi, Suatu Opsi, Penanganan Dan, Penuntasan Kasus, Terhadap Anak, Yang Melakukan, Tindak Pidana","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v5i01.13729","url":null,"abstract":"Diversion is a system of handling outside the formal justice system process due to criminal cases involving child perpetrators who are underage. Settlement through diversion is reserved for children in conflict with the law. This journal writing research method uses normative theory. Therefore, according to Article 108 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, the diversion system is used for reasons of distancing and separating underage perpetrators from settlement through the formal justice system so that discrimination does not occur against child offenders. Through prevention efforts in the form of diversion, it does not provide a deterrent effect so that underage criminals underestimate the existence of these diversion efforts. Efforts so that child victims are protected from children who commit acts against the law or perpetrators are maximally not giving diversion to children who return to committing crimes after a judge's decision.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125221423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Legal Consequences For a PPAT Sale and Purchase Deed’s to Buyers Who Dont Own the Object of Sale and Purchase PPAT买卖契约对没有买卖标的的买受人的法律后果
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12937
Risa Septiana, M. Sudirman, Erny Kencanawati
{"title":"Legal Consequences For a PPAT Sale and Purchase Deed’s to Buyers Who Dont Own the Object of Sale and Purchase","authors":"Risa Septiana, M. Sudirman, Erny Kencanawati","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12937","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the need for authentic certificates as evidence is increasing along with the increase in business relationships in various business fields, both on a local and international scale. Most people acquire land by buying and selling. In preventing land problems so that conflicts do not occur in the community, it is necessary to have regulation, control and use of land regulated in the BAL. This study uses a normative juridical law approach with sufficient literature so that secondary data is also needed. The theory of legal certainty is also discussed in this study, because it is fair and implemented normatively, not sociologically. The Civil Code, the sale and purchase of land is essentially a transfer of land rights to other parties/persons in the form of land sellers to land buyers. Buying and selling in customary law is a legal act of transferring land rights by paying the price at the same time in cash.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130842124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Implementation Of Regional Regulation Number 9 Of 2004 Regarding Permits For Establishing Supermarkets In Marpoyan Damai District 执行2004年第9号关于在马波扬达迈区设立超市许可证的地区条例
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12747
Riantika Pratiwi, Ghatra Alhadi
{"title":"Implementation Of Regional Regulation Number 9 Of 2004 Regarding Permits For Establishing Supermarkets In Marpoyan Damai District","authors":"Riantika Pratiwi, Ghatra Alhadi","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12747","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to explain the implementation of the regional regulation of Pekanbaru City number 9 of 2014 concerning the management of people's markets, shopping centers and supermarkets regarding permits to establish supermarkets in Marpoyan Damai District. This research method was carried out using the sociological legal research method. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of supervising supermarkets in Marpoyan Damai District has not been running in accordance with the Regional Regulation of Pekanbaru City number 9 of 2014 concerning the management of people's markets, shopping centers and supermarkets because there are still many supermarkets that do not have SIUP and supermarkets that do not register repeat. Keywords: Regional Regulations, Licensing, Self-Service","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116343027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Judges' Considerations In Making Decisions On Actors Who Distribute/ Transmission Of Information/ Documents Violated Electronics Decency (Decision Study Number: 471/Pid.Sus/2022/PN Tjk) 法官对分发/传输违反电子规范的信息/文件的行为者作出判决时的考虑(决策研究编号:471/Pid)。Sus / 2022 / PN Tjk)
Jurnal Gagasan Hukum Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI: 10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12930
Aditya Rahmad Saputra, I Ketut Seregig, Yulia Hesti
{"title":"Judges' Considerations In Making Decisions On Actors Who Distribute/ Transmission Of Information/ Documents Violated Electronics Decency (Decision Study Number: 471/Pid.Sus/2022/PN Tjk)","authors":"Aditya Rahmad Saputra, I Ketut Seregig, Yulia Hesti","doi":"10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v4i2.12930","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to determine the judge's consideration on the decision of the criminal act of distributing / transmitting information / electronic documents that violate decency Number: 471/Pid.Sus / PN Tjk which is seen from the principle of legal certainty and decency. The research method used is a normative legal research method. In this study, the methods used in analyzing problems are the statutory approach and also the case approach. The findings are that the judge's consideration of the criminal act of judgment Number: 471/ Pid.Sus/PN Tjk is that it has fulfilled the principles of legal certainty and decency.","PeriodicalId":198081,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Gagasan Hukum","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131911028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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