Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Revolutionizing Patient Education: Artificial Intelligence Versus Experts in Ocular Dyskinesia Responses.","authors":"Daniel Bahir, Morris Hartstein, Cat Burkat, Daniel Ezra, Allan E Wulc, Ofira Zloto, John Holds, Shirin Hamed Azzam","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ocular dyskinesia, including dystonic blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, significantly impacts patient quality of life. This study evaluates the effectiveness of advanced artificial intelligence models (ChatGPT-3.5, GPT-4o, Gemini, and Gemini Advanced) compared with expert ophthalmologists in providing accurate, reliable, and patient-focused answers to common ocular dyskinesia-related questions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A panel of oculoplastic surgeons developed 13 clinically relevant questions addressing symptoms, treatments, and posttreatment care for ocular dyskinesia. Anonymized responses from 4 artificial intelligence models (ChatGPT-3.5, GPT-4o, Gemini, and Gemini Advanced) and experts were evaluated by a panel of 7 international oculoplastic surgeons for correctness and reliability using a 7-point Likert scale. Statistical analyses were performed to identify differences among groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ChatGPT-3.5 emerged as the top-performing model, achieving the highest correctness (mean score: 5.80) and reliability score (5.68), surpassing both GPT-4o (5.58/5.38) and the expert panel (5.56/5.31). GPT-4o closely mirrored expert performance, while Gemini and Gemini Advanced consistently lagged, reflecting lower correctness (4.67 and 5.03, respectively) and reliability scores. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences across groups (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ChatGPT-3.5 demonstrates exceptional potential in transforming patient education regarding ocular dyskinesia, delivering highly accurate and patient-accessible responses. While ChatGPT-4o and experts offer strong, clinically sound insights, the Gemini models require refinement to meet higher benchmarks. These findings underscore the potential role of artificial intelligence in complementing human expertise, paving the way for innovative and collaborative approaches to patient care and education.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Regurgitation from the Puncta on Compressing Lacrimal Sacs.","authors":"Anannya Abhyankar Joshi, Mohammad Javed Ali","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regurgitation on pressure over the lacrimal sac (ROPLAS) is a common clinical sign that is elicited in nasolacrimal duct obstructions. It is more evident in the presence of lacrimal sac dilatation or non encysted mucoceles. Gabriele Falloppio is credited with the first scientific documentation of a regurgitation on pressure over the lacrimal sac in the 16th century. Regurgitation of the lacrimal sac contents was believed, in the 18th century (Stahl, Platner, and Schobinger), to show differential patterns of exit from the upper or the lower punctum. To the best of our knowledge, no subsequent work focused on verifying this observation. The present case series aims to precisely observe and validate this finding with slow motion, high definition, slit lamp videography to better understand the pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and Outcomes of Endoscopic Versus External Dacryocystorhinostomy: A 20-year Retrospective Multi-Institutional Analysis.","authors":"Natalia Davila, Samantha A McLaughlin, Tejus Pradeep, Brian Wong, Wendy W Lee","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate 20-year multi-institutional trends in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) versus external dacryocystorhinostomy (EX-DCR) for acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction, including comparative long-term revision rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was performed using the TriNetX federated research network. Annual surgical volumes and revision rates at 1, 10, and 20 years were analyzed for patients undergoing EN-DCR or EX-DCR. Propensity-score matching controlled for demographic and clinical characteristics. Joinpoint regression identified trends and significant shifts in procedural rates over time, expressed as annual percent change (APC) for specific intervals and average APC overall.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14,135 DCR procedures (9,948 EX-DCR, 4,187 EN-DCR) were performed on 12,623 patients. Over the study period, EX-DCR decreased from 87.1% to 60.0% (average APC, -1.9%; p < 0.05), with a greater decline noted after 2018 (APC, -3.9%; p < 0.01). Conversely, EN-DCR increased from 12.9% to 40.1% (overall average APC, +4.9%; p = 0.08), showing significant growth after 2012 (APC, +4.4%; p < 0.01). Surgical revision rates were similar at 1 (EX-DCR 9.0% vs. EN-DCR 8.6%, risk ratios = 1.04, p = 0.61), 10 (EX-DCR 14.5% vs. EN-DCR 13.6%, risk ratios = 1.06, p = 0.31), and 20 years (EX-DCR 14.7% vs. EN-DCR 13.7%, risk ratios = 1.07, p = 0.25). Overall success rates, defined as no surgical revision, were between 85.3% and 91.4% for both approaches.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Over the past 20 years, endoscopic DCR has gained popularity, with steadily increasing use and comparable revision rates to external DCR.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochemical Crosslinking of Upper Eyelid Tarsus Using Rose Bengal and Green Light.","authors":"Ghasem Yazdanpanah, Kevin Heinze, Oju Jeon, Kamran Avanaki, Ali R Djalilian, Pete Setabutr, Ann Q Tran","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Crosslinking of the tarsal plate has shown promising effects to possibly increase tissue stiffness as a potential management for eyelid laxity in floppy eyelid syndrome. Here, the authors evaluate the crosslinking effect of rose bengal (RB) and green light (G-Light) on porcine tarsus tissue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty porcine upper eyelids' tarsoconjunctival tissues were crosslinked with riboflavin 5'-monophosphate sodium salt and ultraviolet-A (UV-A) or RB+G-Light. Un-crosslinked tarsoconjunctival tissues served as controls (N = 10 per group). Biomechanical tests were performed using a uniaxial actuator machine. Load (N) and displacement (tissue elongation, mm) were recorded for 6 seconds. Stress, strain, and Young's modulus were calculated using the continuously recorded data. One-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's test was used to compare means.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Load and tissue elongation at 6 seconds were 19.5 ± 1.8 N and 0.6 ± 0.05 mm for RB+G-Light, 12.6 ± 2.5 N and 0.6 ± 0.01 mm for riboflavin+UV-A, and 3.1 ± 0.2 N and 1.2 ± 0.01 mm for control tissues (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001). The average Young's modulus of the control tarsoconjunctival tissues was 7.1 ± 1.6 MPa, significantly lower than those crosslinked with RB+G-Light (46.5 ± 6.4 MPa, p = 0.002) or riboflavin +UV-A (28 ± 4.5 MPa, p = 0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study that shows RB+G-Light may increase the biomechanical strength of porcine tarsoconjunctival tissue. Future studies on human tarsal plates are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed photochemical crosslinking methodology and future utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levator Muscle Complex Exploration During Surgery for Simple Severe Congenital Ptosis.","authors":"Yomna A Alahmadawy, Rania A Ahmed, Richard C Allen, Mostafa M Diab","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the gross morphology of the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle complex in severe congenital ptosis with poor levator function (LF) and to evaluate the surgical outcomes when levator surgery was performed based on intraoperative factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective, interventional case series that includes children having simple severe congenital ptosis with LF ≤ 4 mm for whom levator muscle surgery was performed rather than preplanned frontalis suspension based on the intraoperative LPS muscle evaluation. The collected data included: demographics; ptosis measurements, including margin reflex distance 1 and LF; morphological appearance of LPS muscle and its aponeurosis (levator aponeurosis); surgical technique, and outcomes. Fatty infiltration of the LPS muscle belly was graded, based on its ratio to the muscle's normal width, as minimal (<5%), mild (5-25%), moderate (25-50%), or severe (>50%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 109 eyelids met the inclusion criteria. Levator aponeurosis, distal and proximal (orbital) zones of the LPS muscle belly were evaluated. Levator aponeurosis was thin in 56.9% of the eyelids and thick with dense fibrotic changes in 43.1%. The distal zone showed extensive fatty infiltration and abnormal blood vessels in all eyelids. The proximal zone appeared fleshy red with minimal to moderate fatty infiltration in about three-fourths of the eyelids (n = 78, 71.6%). Securing this proximal zone to the tarsal plate resulted in a significant improvement in margin reflex distance 1 and LF (median, 4.0 mm and 7.0 mm, respectively, p < 0.001) during a median follow-up period of 8 months (range, 6-96 months).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intraoperative assessment of the LPS muscle complex, rather than preoperative LF, resulted in a change in surgical planning from frontalis suspension to a levator-based surgery with surgical success.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilomatrixoma in a Young Adult With Epiphora Mimicking Dacryocystitis.","authors":"Ceyhun Arici, Buse Gurcan, Pelin Yildiz, Mehmet Serhat Mangan","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pilomatrixoma is a rare benign tumor originating from hair follicle matrix. It is commonly misdiagnosed clinically. We present an unusual case of a Pilomatrixoma in a young adult with epiphora mimicking dacryocystitis. An 18-year-old female presented with right eye tearing and nodular mass (12 mm × 10 mm) localized under the medial canthal tendon, resembling acute dacryocystitis for 2 months. Following 1-week oral antibiotic treatment, nasolacrimal duct obstruction was detected with lacrimal irrigation. On palpation, the mass was nontender, painless, reddish in color, and hard in consistency. The lesion was completely removed and external dacryocystorhinostomy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed basaloid and shadow cells accompanied by calcification and foreign body giant cells. These findings were diagnostic of pilomatrixoma. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient had no recurrence or epiphora. Pilomatrixoma can present with epiphora, simulating lacrimal sac inflammation. Complete excision is curative, and diagnosis can generally be established by histopathological examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Surface Granuloma Faciale: A Clinicopathologic Study of Two Novel Conjunctival Cases with a Review of the Literature Regarding Ophthalmic Involvement.","authors":"Buravej Assavapongpaiboon, Natalie Wolkow, Nahyoung G Lee, Anna M Stagner","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Granuloma faciale (GF) is a rare, idiopathic, localized vasculitis, usually without associated systemic autoimmune disease. Primarily involving the skin, GF can also occur on the ocular surface, mimicking neoplasia and other inflammatory processes. In this report, the authors report 2 novel cases of GF in the conjunctiva, and analyze the 4 published ocular cases to better appreciate the clinical and histopathologic features of GF involving the ocular surface, and to compare the findings with those in the skin. A pink-to-yellowish lesion of the superior bulbar conjunctiva in a 16-year-old female and a flesh-colored lesion of the superior tarsal conjunctiva in a 47-year-old female are described, with clinical concern for a lymphoproliferative or granulomatous disease. Conjunctival biopsies were performed. In both cases, microscopic examination revealed a neutrophil-rich, mixed inflammatory infiltrate including eosinophils and plasma cells with focal leukocytoclastic vasculitis and varying degrees of fibrosis, in areas showing a perivascular onion-skinning appearance. Special stains did not detect microorganisms, and immunohistochemical studies, including those for IgG4 and Fos-B, also showed no significant staining. Neither patient displayed skin involvement, nor was an associated systemic autoimmune disease detected after laboratory testing. No specific therapy was given, and there was no recurrence at the time of this report. GF may occur in the ocular adnexa. Biopsy is essential for making a diagnosis of GF, with histopathologic findings very similar to those seen in the skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Anatomy of Lower Eyelid Fat Pad Vasculature as Found in Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasties.","authors":"Irene T Lee, Nishita T Sheth, Sandra S Stinnett, Evan H Black, Christopher R Dermarkarian, Julie A Woodward","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The vasculature within the lower eyelid fat pads in bilateral lower eyelid blepharoplasty (BLLB) surgery is not well described. Characterization of vasculature may help prevent excessive bleeding by describing the locations where pre-emptive cautery may be indicated. We hypothesize that during BLLB, vasculature is most often encountered within the nasal fat pads compared with the central and lateral fat pads.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent BLLB by a single surgeon was performed. Patients were included if they underwent transconjunctival BLLB with documentation of the encountered intrafat vasculature (I-FV). I-FV was defined as the vessels coursing through the nasal, central, and lateral fat pads and excludes the fine vasculature in the surrounding fat pad shea th. If I-FV was present, it was recorded as \"mild,\" \"moderate,\" or \"large.\" If no vasculature was observed, \"minimal\" vasculature was documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 222 lower eyelids of 111 patients were included. About 78% (173/222) of lower nasal fat pads contained I-FV, which was statistically higher than the 15% (33/222) of lateral (p < 0.001) and 5% (10/222) of central fat pads (p < 0.001). Symmetry in the presence or absence of I-FV between the left and right sides was found in 65% (72/111) of patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>During BLLB, I-FV is most prevalent in the nasal fat pads than in the central or lateral fat pads. We recommend extra caution and potential pre-emptive cautery when manipulating the nasal fat pad to prevent bleeding. The pattern of vasculature encountered on the first operative site may provide insight into the contralateral side.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eyelid Involvement as a Standalone Ophthalmological Finding of Lupus.","authors":"Ilayda Korkmaz, Banu Yaman, Gonca Karabulut, Melis Palamar","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim was to present the clinical characteristics of patients with eyelid involvement as an isolated ophthalmological manifestation of lupus erythematosus. Four of 5 patients had eyelid lesions due to systemic lupus erythematosus, while 1 had eyelid involvement secondary to discoid lupus erythematosus. In 3 patients, the initial manifestation was an isolated eyelid lesion, with no prior diagnosis of lupus. In all cases, the lesion was unilateral and localized to the lower eyelid. All patients experienced symptoms for at least 6 months. The lesions commonly presented as erythematous plaques with indistinct borders, surrounding hyperemia, and madarosis. The diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically in all patients through biopsy of the affected eyelid. Common histopathological findings included focal acanthosis, basal vacuolar degeneration in the epidermis, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the dermis. In cases where the lesions are unresponsive to local treatment and present as erythematous plaques, biopsy should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tear Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy.","authors":"Terence Ang, Jessica Y Tong, Dinesh Selva","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000003045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000003045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To provide a review surrounding the utility of tear inflammatory cytokines in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was performed for published English-language studies reporting the analysis of tear inflammatory cytokines in TAO. Exclusion criteria included in vitro studies describing tear proteomics (without cytokine analysis).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine studies have been published between 2012 and 2020. An extensive range of inflammatory cytokines have been studied, notably, but not exclusively, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, tumor necrosis factors-α, interferons-γ, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Methods of tear collection included unstimulated tear samples from the inferior fornix and Schirmer's strips, with analysis via multiplex bead array assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mixed findings have been published surrounding the changes in tear inflammatory cytokines in TAO. Active TAO has demonstrated significant differences in various inflammatory cytokines compared with inactive disease and healthy controls. Changes in tear inflammatory cytokines correlate well with various ocular surface disease parameters and disease activity. The role of tear inflammatory cytokines in monitoring treatment response remains to be determined.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tear inflammatory cytokines demonstrate promise as a noninvasive biomarker and may shed light on the pathological mechanisms underlying ocular surface disease and orbital inflammation in TAO. There may be a role in correlation with clinical activity parameters and monitoring of treatment response. Further studies are necessary to validate existing data and its application in the clinical setting, and to explore tear cytokine profiles in other orbital inflammatory diseases (OIDs), including dacryoadenitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}