Open Access Journal最新文献

{"title":"Formalizing Reasons, Oughts, and Requirements","authors":"R. Mullins","doi":"10.3998/ERGO.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ERGO.1119","url":null,"abstract":"Reasons-based accounts of our normative conclusions face difficulties in distinguishing between what ought to be done and what is required. This article addresses this problem from a formal perspective. I introduce a rudimentary formalization of a reasons-based account and demonstrate that that the model faces difficulties in accounting for the distinction between oughts and requirements. I briefly critique attempts to distinguish between oughts and requirements by appealing to a difference in strength or weight of reasons. I then present a formalized reasons-based account of permissions, oughts and requirements. The model exploits Joshua Gert (2004; 2007) and Patricia Greenspan’s (2005; 2007; 2010) suggestion that some reasons perform a purely justificatory function. I show that the model preserves the standard entailment relationships between requirements, oughts and permissions.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80181922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Use Are Real-World Cases for Philosophers?","authors":"Katherine Furman","doi":"10.3998/ERGO.1113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ERGO.1113","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I provide a defence of real-world cases as a legitimate part of the philosopher’s toolkit, in addition to the austere thought experiments and fictional cases that are more commonly used. I argue that thought experiments are effective because they streamline out extraneous details that might distract the philosopher from the principle under investigation. But in doing so they run the risk of inadvertently removing relevant information, thus preventing the philosopher from latching on to salient philosophical relationships. Fictional cases operate as extended thought experiments—removing what is hopefully irrelevant, but potentially at the cost of information that the philosopher needs. Cases from the real world are thus the only place that we can be sure that nothing important hasn’t been inadvertently lost, and so they are philosophically important.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88455370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Folk psychology and the interpretation of decision theory","authors":"J. Thoma","doi":"10.3998/ERGO.1131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ERGO.1131","url":null,"abstract":"Most philosophical decision theorists and philosophers of the social sciences believe that decision theory is and should be in the business of providing folk psychological explanations of choice behaviour, and that it can only do so if we understand the preferences, utilities and probabilities that feature in decision-theoretic models as ascriptions of mental states not reducible to choice. The behavioural interpretation of preference and related concepts, still common in economics, is consequently cast as misguided. This paper argues that even those who strive to provide folk psychological explanations should side with the economists, and adopt a behavioural interpretation of the preferences featuring in decision-theoretic models. Under a mentalistic inter-pretation of preference, decision-theoretic models do not straightforwardly provide ordinary folk psychological explanations. Instead, they involve controversial enough commitments about the mental causes of choice to not only fail to adequately capture much unreflective decision-making, but also many intentional, reason-based and instrumentally rational choices. Satisfactory folk psychological explanation in fact only comes indirectly from inferring more fundamental conative attitudes from a pattern of decision-theoretic preferences. And the behavioural interpretation does a better job at facilitating such inferences. My argument extends to the related concepts of utility and probability.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85611742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Method to Assess the Light Pollution on Loggerhead Hatchlings from La Roche Percée Rookery, New Caledonia","authors":"Marion Magnan","doi":"10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555875","url":null,"abstract":"La Roche Percée, in New Caledonia, is the second most important nesting site for the south Pacific loggerheads turtle’s population (Caretta caretta) after Eastern Australian rookeries. Light pollution is a worldwide issue on nesting beaches due to coastal development and can impact hatchlings sea turtles finding ability. This study focused on the assessment of light pollution on hatchlings at La Roche Percée. Measurements of hatchlings fans were performed on 82 emergences, only 7% of them were considered as being disrupted and almost all of the disrupted emergences were located in the first beach section, during highly moon illumination. Dispersion fan angles from La Roche Percée were comparable to natural emergences observed at Mon Repos beach, Australia. La Roche Percée beach could be considered as not disturbed by light pollution despite the human population currently leaving close to the nesting site, however periodic light such as vehicle headlights, may impact hatchlings’ orientation during their beach crawl.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83004949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle of Sciades herzbergii (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a mangrove on the island of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil","authors":"M. S. S. Pinheiro","doi":"10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555873","url":null,"abstract":"During the life cycle of a teleost there are three basic events: feeding, growth and reproduction, which are closely linked and related to environmental conditions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the role of mangroves in the life cycle of the species Sciades herzbergii. Thus, in this study aspects of the population of S. herzbergii present in a mangrove in Raposa, Maranhão, Brazil were addressed; encompassing length distribution and macroscopic analysis of the gonads. Sampling was monthly. 316 specimens of fish were collected, of which 6 males, 7 females and 303 with undetermined sex. The length amplitude varied between 100 to 406 mm, with an average of 167.32 mm, and a standard deviation of 44.41.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72976074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market Status and Uses of Aqua-Drugs and Chemicals in Aquaculture at Lakhsmipur, Bangladesh","authors":"S. K. Paul","doi":"10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555869","url":null,"abstract":"In order to investigate the present status of commercial aqua drugs and chemicals in the local market and their uses on fish health management. A questionnaire survey was carried out for eight months from August 2016 to March 2017 in three upazilas under the district of Lakhsmipur, Bangladesh. Data were collected through questionnaire interview, personal contact, market survey, Participatory Rural Appraisal like Focus Group Discussion with fifteen fish farmers, fifteen retailers of aqua chemical shops, nine representatives of different pharmaceuticals companies in Lakhsmipur sadar upazila, Raipur upazila and Ramgoti upazila. Nine categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were identified in the study area. In this site, 22 companies were found to be supplying different 51 aqua drugs (under nine categories) in the local market, where ten companies supplying around 79% of the total drugs and chemicals. Timsen > Virex>Oxyflow> Renamycin and Aquamycine > Ossi C >Aqua Boost > Aqua Photo> Ammonil> Geolite gold were the most widely used aqua drugs in the district of Lakhsmipur, Bangladesh. In Lakhsmipur sadar upazila, found 27 aqua drug and chemicals and mostly used of Aqua Photo and Ammonil (9%) and Oxyflow, Aqua boost, Virex, Timsen (7%) of each of the total drugs. About 36 aqua drugs and chemicals were reported by the fish farmers at Raipur upazila. Aqua Photo, Oxyflow, and Ammonil were used at 7% of each of the total cases; Biozyme, Aqua Boost, Ossi C, grow fast, gastrap, Geolite gold, and Rotenone were used at 4% of each of total the cases; and Bio-pH was used at 3% of each of the total cases. In this survey, there were 24 different types of aqua drugs and chemicals found in Ramgoti upazila. Ammonil has been used at 11% of the total cases, while Aqua Boost and Charger gel were used at 6% of each of the total cases. In the investigated area, various types of diseases such as Dropsy, EUS (epizootic ulcerative syndrome), red spot and different parasitic diseases were found to occur in Pangus (Pangasianolan hypophthalmus) , Tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica) , Sharputi (Puntius sarana) , Rui (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Thai koi (Anabas testudineus) , Shing ( Heteropneustes fossilis ). Susceptible months of disease outbreak in the study area were August, November, December, January, February, and March. During the field observation, many issues with aqua-drugs were discovered, including farmers’ lack of understanding of drug application, an insufficient withdrawal time, and some negative effects on fish and human health.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90272729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case for the Continued Study of the Golden Mussel Invasion of Brazil: Efficient Detection and Containment of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) Dispersion Involves Multiple Approaches and Different Actors","authors":"Rayan Silva de Paula, M. Reis, G. R. Andrade, C. C. Souza, Antonio Valadão Cardoso, E. Jorge","doi":"10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555868","url":null,"abstract":"The establishment of invading organisms in natural ecosystems is one of the most serious environmental issues. In Brazil, the invasive species Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), the golden mussel, is a mollusk capable of causing major changes in water systems, generating social and economic impacts, given its biofouling capacity. Limnoperna fortunei can easily block pipes and heat exchangers in the water systems of hydroelectric power plants due to its ability to strongly adhere to the substrate using its byssus - a bundle of filaments secreted by these animals. Therefore, the early detection of this invader is essential for management actions to be immediate, in order to control population growth rate at the beginning of the invasive process, preventing this environment from serving as a source for new infestations. The implantation of a method that integrates the active monitoring of prioritized areas, laboratory techniques, including molecular biology methods, and the sharing of hydrographic data between basin managers and users for early detection of the presence of species in Brazilian waters appears as an efficient option to prevent and control invasions.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89052727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofilm Production on Different Abiotic Surface, Positive and Negative Charge by Multi-Drug Resistance Corynebacterium striatum Strains","authors":"C. Souza","doi":"10.19080/OAJS.2021.12.555843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJS.2021.12.555843","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86382913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Application to the Recycling of LCO and LFP","authors":"A. Holzer, Stefan Windisch-Kern, Christoph Ponak, H. Raupenstrauch","doi":"10.3390/MET11010149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/MET11010149","url":null,"abstract":"The bottleneck of recycling chains for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is the recovery of valuable metals from the black matter that remains after dismantling and deactivation in pretreatment processes, which has to be treated in a subsequent step with pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods. In the course of this paper, investigations in a heating microscope were conducted to determine the high-temperature behavior of the cathode materials lithium cobalt oxide (LCO—chem., LiCoO2) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP—chem., LiFePO4) from LIB with carbon addition. For the purpose of continuous process development of a novel pyrometallurgical recycling process and adaptation of this to the requirements of the LIB material, two different reactor designs were examined. When treating LCO in an Al2O3 crucible, lithium could be removed at a rate of 76% via the gas stream, which is directly and purely available for further processing. In contrast, a removal rate of lithium of up to 97% was achieved in an MgO crucible. In addition, the basic capability of the concept for the treatment of LFP was investigated whereby a phosphorus removal rate of 64% with a simultaneous lithium removal rate of 68% was observed.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75460274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spray-Dried Ni Catalysts with Tailored Properties for CO2 Methanation","authors":"Bjarne Kreitz, Aurina Martínez Arias, Jan M. L. Martin, A. Weber, T. Turek","doi":"10.3390/catal10121410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10121410","url":null,"abstract":"A catalyst production method that enables the independent tailoring of structural properties of the catalyst, such as pore size, metal particle size, metal loading or surface area, allows increasing the efficiency of a catalytic process. Such tailoring can help to make the valorization of CO2 into synthetic fuels on Ni catalysts competitive to conventional fossil fuel production. In this work, a new spray-drying method was used to produce Ni catalysts supported on SiO2 as well as Al2O3 nanoparticles with tunable properties. The influence of the primary particle size of the support, different metal loadings, and heat treatments were applied to investigate the potential to tailor the catalyst properties. The catalysts were examined with physical and chemical characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, and chemisorption. A temperature-scanning technique was applied to screen the catalysts for the CO2 methanation. With the spray-drying method presented here, well organized porous spherical nanoparticles of highly dispersed NiO nanoparticles supported on silica with tunable properties were produced and characterized. Moreover, the pore size, metal particle size, and metal loading can be controlled independently, which allows to produce catalyst particles with desired properties. Ni/SiO2 catalysts with surface areas of up to 40 m2 g−1 with Ni crystals in the range of 4 nm were produced, which exhibited a high activity for the CO2 methanation.","PeriodicalId":19494,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89450615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}