Nigerian Veterinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Coconut, Groundnut and Tigernut Milk-Based Extenders on Fresh and Chilleduda Ram Semen in Maiduguri, Nigeria","authors":"M. Bamanga, A. Abba, A. Mustapha, M. M. Bukar, M. Waziri, V. Maina, A. Y. Ribadu, J. D. Amin","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to determine the effects of coconut, groundnut and Tigernut milk based extenders on some characteristics of Uda ram semen in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 96 semen samples were collected using electro-ejaculator from six Uda rams, twice a week, for 8 weeks. Semen was pooled and divided into 4 aliquots. One aliquot was diluted with Oviplus® solution and egg yolk (Oviplus® + egg yolk) and served as control. The other 3 aliquots were extended with coconut, groundnut and tigernut milk-based extenders respectively. The samples were chilled to 5°C and evaluated for individual motility, livability and morphologic abnormalities. These evaluations were made immediately, at 24, 48 and at 72 hours post extension. The average semen volume, individual motility, livability, morphologic abnormalities, pH and concentration of semen analyzed immediately after collection were 1.35 ± 0.1 ml, 80.9 ± 1.5 (%), 75.8 ± 2.0 (%), 8.0 ± 0.8 (%), 6.9 ± 0.1 and 3.2 ± 0.2 (x109/ml) respectively. Furthermore, it was found that coconut, ground nut and tiger nut milkbased extenders maintained good semen quality of Uda rams till 48 hours post extension when chilled at 5°C and that the tiger nut milk based extenders have better semen preservative ability than the coconut and the ground nut milk based extenders.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77817821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Puerperal Septic Fever and Helminthosis in a 5-Year-Old German Shepherd Bitch","authors":"B. Hassan, K.H. Taunak, K. A. Mada, S. Umar, T.M. Saidu, G. Aminu","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Puerperium is a period post-partum characterized by physiological changes whereby the upper and lower reproductive tracts of the female genital system progressively tries to histologically and endocrinologically return to its pre-gravid state and the period is accompanied by adequate uterine tone for lochia elimination and epithelial regeneration (Voorwald and Tiosso, 2015). Normally, during puerperium the bitch exhibit initially greenish discharge (due to marginal haematoma), then serosanguinous vaginal discharge for 1–6 weeks being the time considered, as the time of normal uterine involution (Feldman and Nelson, 1986). In the first three weeks brownish, non-odorous lochia will be discharged from the vulva, gradually decreasing in volume after the first week (Von Heimendahl et al., 2009). In bitches, the normal uterine involution requires more and adequate time compared to other species due to its nature of the endothelial placentation and deep uterine wounds created at placentation sites after detachment (Al-Bassam et al., 1981). The duration of the puerperium/periparturient period in the bitch has been defined to be 12 weeks (Al-Bassam et al., 1981, Orfanou et al., 2009) or 15 weeks (Yeager et al., 1990). The Bitch, being a monoestrous, polytococcus, non-seasonal animal has a physiological anestrous stage that lasts between 15 to 30 weeks following either parturition (whelping) or diestrous which is characterized by normal quiescence of the gonads and the tubular reproductive tracts. The peripaturient period that occurs during the anaestrous stage of the reproductive/oestrous cycle of the bitch is very delicate and animals are usually susceptible to varying pathological conditions owing to stress and increased demands from the environment and the newborns. For this reason, follow-up of uterine involution is essential to ensure future reproductive capacity/fertility, since failure to complete reproductive organs regression can lead to endometritis, metritis and placental retention (Hirt et al., 2000; Magata et al., 2013). Many assumptions were raised due to lots of biological activities such as nursing of the puppies, uterine involution, milk production and hormonal changes that take place during postpartum period. Thus, bitches are supposed to be more susceptible to pathologic conditions and therefore, it is important to monitor vital functions, appetite and behaviour of postpartum bitches on a daily basis to enable early detection of illness (Grundy and Davidson, 2004). Increase demand in lactation/milk production may predispose the bitch to hypocalcaemia (puerperal tetany) during this period and also a few days post whelping the cervix is physiologically open, paving ways for ascending uterine infection by pyogenic microbes which may lead to septicemia. Thus, a good health surveillance by both the owners and veterinarians is of paramount significance.Infestation of the gastro-intestinal tract and other organs of the animal body by both the ","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84109061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetanus in Uda Ram: Report of Two Cases","authors":"Y. A. Wahab, O. T. Jeremiah, O. Oridupa","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78171689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Efficacies of Eimeria tenella Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (Etama-1) DNA and Live Attenuated Oocysts Vaccines against Experimental Infection with Field Isolate of Eimeria tenella in Broiler Chickens","authors":"A. Shuaibu, I. Jatau, A. Wakawa, M. Babashani, N. Sani, H. B. Aliyu","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the efficacy of vaccination of broiler chickens against coccidiosis using Eimeria tenella (EtAMA-1) DNA vaccine in comparison to vaccination using live polyvalent oocyst vaccine (Livacox®). Forty-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 groups; group 1 birds were unvaccinated uninfected control, group 2 were unvaccinated infected, group 3 were vaccinated with 0.1ml containing100μg EtAMA-1 vaccine plasmid on the thigh muscle at days 14 and a booster at days 21 of age, while at 10 days old, group 4 birds were administered 0.2ml of Livacox®. At 28 days of age, all chickens except group 1 were inoculated with 1 × 104 sporulated oocysts of the E. tenella and evaluated for weight gain(WG), oocysts production (OP), lesion scoring (LS) and anti coccidial index (ACI). Higher WG (116±43.89 g) were recorded in group 4 compared to group 3 (110±29.15 g), although, statistically insignificant but was significant (p <0.05) when compared with group 2 (40±12.25 g). OP was significantly (p <0.05) higher in group 2 (1.3x105±11.00) compared to groups 3 and 4 (0.58x105±18.00 and 0.44x105±42.36) respectively. Both vaccines significantly (p <0.05) reduce the effects of E. tenella on LS (1.4 ± 0.6 and 1.0 ± 0.62) for groups 3 and 4 respectively compared to the unvaccinated group 2 (4.0 ± 0.00). Higher ACI was observed in groups 3 and 4 (177 and 180) respectively compared to group 2 (170). Conclusively, EtAMA-1 DNA vaccination ameliorated the effects of E. tenella infection in broiler chickens comparable to Livacox®.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84695227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended aseptic handling and anaesthetic efficacy of propofol preserved under different conditions","authors":"N. Njoku, S. A. Babalola, C. Unamba-Oparah, C.E. Anaba, C..P Ukweni","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v41i4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i4.4","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty-seven vials of propofol and 20 Albino rats were used in this study to determine the effect of refrigeration and aseptic handling on contamination and anaesthesia of propofol. The vials were assigned to three groups of nine (9) vials per group in 3 replicates. They were opened aseptically and the contents transferred to sterile bottles. VR group were stored in a refrigerator at 40C, VS in an infrared hood chamber, and VT stored on a bench. Propofol was aseptically aspirated from each vial immediately after opening and at 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 168 hours for culture on nutrient and McConkey agar. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the isolates were carried out. Twenty adult Albino Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups of 5 rats per group. One group (VF) of rats was anaesthetized with fresh propofol, while the remaining 3 groups were anaesthetized with the preserved propofol from each drug group, stored at the longest duration at which contamination was not evident at culture. Durations of anaesthesia, corneal reflex loss, and abdominal twitch and tail sensation loss, were measured. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test using SPSS version 22. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Contamination occurred in the VS, VR and VT groups at 168, 48 and 12 hours respectively. This contravenes the opinion that opened propofol vials become contaminated after 8 hours. Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Lactobacillus spp, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from the various groups. The indices of anaesthesia did not differ significantly among the groups. Therefore, following strict adherence to aseptic techniques, propofol may be safely used for up to 24 hours if stored either in a refrigerator or in a sterile environment, without any significant alterations in its anaesthetic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81892240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathomorphology of Liver and Kidney in Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Toxicity in Splenectomised Female Albino Rats","authors":"I. Unamba-Oparah, C. Unamba-Oparah, J. C. Okonkwo, N. Njoku, N. Nwagbara","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Splenic abnormalities including splenomegaly and hypersplenism are common findings in animals with liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This work sought to investigate the effect splenectomy will have on the pathomorphology of the liver and kidneys of rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) – induced chronic liver damage. Eighteen eight month old female albino rats were randomly assigned into three groups of six rats each. Group I was the untreated and served as the control. Group II was intact (not splenectomised), while Group III was splenectomised. Groups II and III were injected with 10 % CCl4 at the dose of 3 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally, every five days. After 90 days, both groups II and III liver and kidneys showed pathologic changes consistent with chronic liver damage. Grossly there were nodular lesions in the livers while microscopically fibrosis and regeneration were observed. In the kidneys, interstitial congestion and generalised nephrosis were observed microscopically. However, it was also observed that these gross and the microscopic changes progressed in the liver of the splenectomised (Group III) than that from the unsplenectomised (Group II), while the pathology seen in the kidneys of Group II was more severe than in Group III. This suggested advanced fibrotic and regenerative changes in the pathomorphology of both the liver and kidney of splenectomised rats with chronic liver damage.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74397075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Bruce-Ladder Multiplex PCR for Identification of Brucella abortus Isolated from Cattle in Kachia Grazing Reserve and Jos Plateau","authors":"W. Bertu, R. Ocholi, J. Kwaga, J. Kabir, A. Gusi, S. Ngulukun, E. Mwankon, Mohamed Hassan, M. Nanven, M. Ducrotoy, S. Andrés-Barranco, I. Moriyón","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out to isolate Brucella strains from cattle in Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) and some communities on Jos Plateau and to carry out phenotypic and molecular characterization of the isolates along with other isolates obtained from field submissions and those in the archive of National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom. A total of 63 vaginal swabs, 36 milk samples, and 2 hygroma fluids were collected from KGR while 70 vaginal swabs, 50 milk samples and 2 hygroma fluids were collected on the Jos Plateau for Brucella isolation. They were cultured for Brucella isolation according to standard Brucella isolation protocol. Three Brucella abortus strains were isolated from KGR while 4 Brucella abortus strains were isolated from the Jos Plateau respectively. Eight isolates from field submissions and 5 from the archive were collected and resuscitated. Comprehensive characterization of the isolates in this study revealed that they were all Brucella abortus. Similarly, characterization of archived isolates and those from field submissions showed that they were Brucella abortus. The classical biotyping of all the isolates revealed that they were Brucella abortus biotype 3. Molecular characterization of all the isolates by Bruce-ladder multiplex Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed bands consistent with Brucella abortus. This is the first molecular characterization of Brucella isolates from Nigeria using the Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR and the first study that established that Brucella abortus biotype 3 is the predominant Brucella strain in Nigeria. The study established the endemicity of brucellosis due to Brucella abortus, in the two study areas. These findings have great veterinary and public health implications. There is therefore an urgent need for the institution and implementation of brucellosis control measures in these areas.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"271 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77988890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey of Neonatal Piglet Mortality in Commercial Pig Farms in Lagos State, Southwest Nigeria","authors":"A. Eleazar, A. Sonibare, O. E. Ojo, O. Awoyomi, E. Otesile","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal piglet mortality (NPM) up to seven days of life causes major pig production losses worldwide. A structured questionnaire survey was administered on 151 pig farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria, for information on NPM on their farms. Subsequently, Focus Group Discussions and In-depth interviews were carried out to clarify the points that appeared not to have been sufficiently addressed by questionnaire respondents. Accruing data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regressions. Of all the151 respondent farmers, 66.9% were males and 76.8% were above 45years of age, herd sizes were 1-100 pigs (50.3%), 101-200 pigs (32.5%), over 200 pigs (17.2%) representing small, medium, and large scale producers respectively. General management practices of the farmers were rated as good (42.5%) or poor (57.5%).The overall NPM was40.2%.Of this, 90.1% occurred during the rainy season months with the highest rate (62.9%) being recorded in the month with the lowest mean ambient temperature. Farmers’ identified the causes of NPM as diarrhoea (42.4%), starvation (27.2%), crushing (23.8%), congenital abnormalities (3.3%) and unknown cause (3.3%).The major clinical signs that farmers observed in neonatal piglets were diarrhoea (92.1%), respiratory distress (7.3%) and failure to suckle (9.4%). Care of new born (CNB) was rated as poor in 70.9%and good in 29.1% of the farms, while management of pregnant pigs (MPP) was adjudged poor on 66.2% and good on 33.8% of the farms. Significantly, CNB (p<0.001), MPP (p<0.001), feeding and watering (p<0.001) and production practice (p<0.007) were negatively correlated with NPM while Farmer’s experience (p<0.009) was positively correlated with NPM. The study highlighted the need for the institution of improved protocols for MPP, farrowing and CNB in order to minimise NPM on the farms.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82807384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and factors associated with taeniid infection among owned dogs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Awosanya, S. Ndiaye","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v41i4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Human association with taeniid infected dogs could pose risk of infection. Few studies exist on prevalence of taeniid infections in dogs in Nigeria, however, none have attempted to determine extrinsic factors associated with the prevalence among owned dogs. This study, therefore, aimed at determining taeniid infection and its associated intrinsic and extrinsic factors among owned dogs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A cross sectional study involving the screening of 185 dog faecal samples using the floatation method was done. Questionnaire was used to obtain data on intrinsic factors such as age, gender, breed; and extrinsic factors such as management and hygienic practices and environmental factors from participating dog owners. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test at α0.05. The mean age of the respondents was 35.7 ± 11.3 years, while the median age of the dogs was 20 months (Interquartile range 10.5 – 40). The prevalence of taeniid infection was 4.87%. Extrinsic factors such as the water source – tap water (Odds Ratio (OR): 5.5; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01, 36.8) and the feed types – dry foods (OR: 11.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 159.3) were significantly associated with taeniid infection. None of the intrinsic factors was significantly associated with taeniid infection. Taeniid infection is low among owned dogs in the study area. Source of water and the food type to dogs could be possible source of taeniid infection to dogs. Proper dog deworming and provision of clean water source could help reduce taeniid infection in dogs.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74940647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recrudescence of a Suspected Case of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in a Friesian Bull: Clinicopathological Report","authors":"N. Sani, S. Abalaka, O. Tenuche, I. Idoko, A. Saleh, D. Olayemi, J. Akinbobola, M.O. Ayeh, E. Zachariya","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v42i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an endemic disease in Nigeria (Cadmus and Adesokan, 2009; Alawa et al., 2011; Musa et al., 2016; Francis et al., 2018), caused by the small colony variant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm Sc) mainly affecting cattle (Musa et al., 2016). It is characterized clinically by respiratory distress, and pathologically by fibrinous pneumonia and pleurisy (Swai et al., 2013). Outbreaks of CBPP in Nigeria, especially Abuja, have been underreported despite the huge economic losses incurred by owners of affected cattle (Hajara, M., personal communication, December, 2019), and the disease being among the reportable diseases of cattle as listed by OIE (2020). This clinicopathological report therefore describes a case of recrudescence CBPP in a Friesian bull from a cattle ranch in Giri, Abuja, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81623000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}