ERN: Agriculture (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Special Safeguard Mechanism for Agriculture: Implications for Developing Members at the WTO","authors":"A. Das, S. Sharma, Raihan Akhter, Teesta Lahiri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3683800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3683800","url":null,"abstract":"With rising levels of food and livelihood insecurity among poor farmers, many developing members at the WTO are demanding special safeguard mechanism (SSM) for shielding their agriculture from import surges and price declines. Most of developing members do not have any trade instrument under the WTO to address it except by increasing the applied tariff to bound level. Similar to special agricultural safeguards (SSGs) which is available only to few members, SSM seeks to provide flexibility to developing members to breach the bound tariff in special cases of import surges and price dips in order to minimize its adverse impact. In this context, this study identifies the agricultural products facing import surges in selected developing members namely Ghana, India, Indonesia, Namibia, Philippines, Senegal, Sri Lanka, and Turkey. The uniqueness of this study is derived from the fact that it also evaluates the policy space available to selected members on these tariff lines in terms of tariff overhang under their existing schedules as well as proposed tariff reductions under agriculture negotiations. Beside this, it critically scrutinizes various issues such as cross-check conditions, triggers and remedies in order to highlight the sensitivities of developing members in accessibility, effectiveness, and other technical aspects of this mechanism. The study identifies some of the provisions contained in the most recent version of the negotiating texts which could render the SSM an ineffective policy instrument and difficult to operationalise.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129980968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Labour Productivity on Farm Income in Poland","authors":"A. Pawłowska, J. Jaroszewska","doi":"10.30858/zer/116660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/116660","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of all farms, the issue of profitability achieved is crucial. The effectiveness of production factors involved, including labour, shapes income in agriculture to a large extent. Thus, the increase in the productivity of the labour factor determines the increase in the labour profitability. On the grounds of classical microeconomic relationships, it can be pointed out that the increase in farm income, which is the remuneration of the labour factor, can take place, ceteris paribus, with the increase in production. Assuming the permanence of labour factor inputs in the long term, the source of production growth should, in turn, be the increase in the labour productivity. The objective of the paper is to identify differences in the impact of labour productivity on farm income, with the dominance of family labour force and on farms with a dominance of paid labour force in Poland. The results presented may serve as a basis for concluding on the income situation of farms depending on the type of labour factor involved. The study will use the FADN data from 2009-2015 for Polish farms. The impact of labour productivity on farm income will be analysed using the propensity score matching method.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127646274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Changes and Prospects of the Development of Vegetable Production in Bulgaria","authors":"V. Terziev, T. Stoeva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3477171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3477171","url":null,"abstract":"The agricultural sector has always been a strategic branch of Bulgarian economy. Bulgaria has many years of experience, well-established traditions and opportunities in the sphere of agriculture and particularly in vegetable production. The evaluation and analysis of the contemporary situation for the development of vegetable production are issues of current importance for Bulgarian agriculture in the context of the Common agricultural policy. The aim of this article is to present the problems and the trends of changes in the Bulgarian vegetable production related to the sustainable economic development of Bulgaria.\u0000Keywords: vegetable production, development, agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116566400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of Agro-ecosystems in Bulgaria","authors":"Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев, B. Ivanov, D. Toteva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3372088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3372088","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem approach has been increasingly incorporated in the management and evaluation of sustainability levels. Despite huge progress in the theory and practice of this new area, still there is no consensus on how to assess the sustainability of agro-ecosystems due to diverse understandings, approaches, methods, employed data, etc. In Bulgaria there are practically no deep studies on sustainability level of diverse agro-eco-systems. This paper tries to fill the blank and assesses the sustainability level of agro-ecosystems of different type in Bulgaria. First a holistic hierarchical framework for assessing integral, economic, social and ecological sustainability of agro-ecosystems in Bulgaria is suggested including 17 principles, 35 criteria, and 46 indicators and reference values. After that, an assessment is made on overall and aspects sustainability of large (agro)ecosystems in North-Central, South-Eastern, South-Central and South-Western geographic regions, and particular main and specific types of agro-ecosystems of the country - mountainous, plain-mountainous, plain, riparian (Struma, Maritza, Yantra), southern Black Sea, mountainous area with natural constraints, non-mountainous area with natural constraints, protected areas and reserves, Western Thracian Plain, Middle Danube Plain, Dupnitsa and Sandansko-Petrich Valley, Sredna Gora Mountains and Western Rila Mountains. The assessment is based on first-hand information collected though in-depth interviews with the managers of “typical” farms in the respective ago-ecosystems. The study has found out that there is a considerable differentiation in the level of integral sustainability in agricultural ecosystems of different types. Furthermore, there are substantial variations in the levels of economic, social and ecological sustainability of agro-ecosystems of different type, and the critical indicators enhancing or deterring overall and particular sustainability of individual agro-ecosystems. Results of the integral agrarian sustainability level of this study, based on the micro agro-ecosystem (farm) data, are similar to the previous assessment based on the aggregate sectoral (statistical, etc.) data. There are large differences in the impact of socio-economic, institutional, behavioral, international, natural, etc. factors and individual public policy instruments on the sustainability of farming enterprises of different types and agro-ecosystems. Having in mind the importance of holistic assessments of this kind for improving agrarian sustainability, farm management and agrarian policies, they are to be expended and their precision and representation increased.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122295979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Convergence of Labour Productivity in Rural Sectors in the Context of Funds Obtained for Agriculture From the European Union","authors":"M. Adamowicz, Adam Szepeluk","doi":"10.30858/ZER/94483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/ZER/94483","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key goals of European integration is the reduction of development disparities referred to as convergence. Convergence occurs in two forms as sigma convergence and beta convergence. Sigma convergence means a decrease in dispersion and differentiation over time, and the essence of beta convergence is faster development of less developed regions or countries, which results in catching up. The aim of the article is to study the convergence of the level of development of the sectors of the rural economy in the regions of Poland between 2003 and 2014. The economic results, in the context of the size of funds raised from European funds, measured by the gross value added of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fisheries, were obtained from the Local Data Bank. Data on the value of the funds used were obtained from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture. Statistical methods describing the state of differentiation of regions and the function of regression were used for the analysis. The research confirmed partial occurrence of labour productivity convergence in the rural sectors of the Polish regions and a positive correlation of gross value added with the amount of obtained funds from European funds.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124056625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agrarian Policy in the European Union and Financial Support to Serbia","authors":"B. Grujić, P. Vuković","doi":"10.30858/pw/9788376587448.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/pw/9788376587448.3","url":null,"abstract":"Measures of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that are defined and implemented by the European Union (EU) differ depending on whether or not the country is a member state of the EU. Their realization is carried out on an annual basis through two funds – the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The purpose of the paper is to show the dynamics of funds paid out from funds in the period of 2012-2016, as well as the planned budgets from 2017 to 2020. However, for non-EU countries, financial assistance is paid from the so-called IPA found (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance). Serbia has been granted EU funds successively, depending on whether it has acquired the status of a candidate for EU membership or not. An overview of the funds paid out of the IPA Fund will be divided into two phases: I 2007-2013; II 2012-2013. Given that Serbia has acquired the status of EU membership, funds are also available from the so-called IPARD fund (fifth component of IPA fund).","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131237694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tasks of the Cap after 2020","authors":"J. Krzyżanowski","doi":"10.30858/pw/9788376587431.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/pw/9788376587431.1","url":null,"abstract":"In the current discussion on the future of CAP after 2020, not much is being said on the issues of real importance for agriculture and rural development in the EU Member States. The EU exposes mainly the passive protection and simplification tasks. No expansion vision is in place. We may assume that the chief CAP objective is assurance of sustainable development. This type of development has numerous exogenous determinants: global, economic, environmental, and endogenous, existing in agriculture. It results from the EU membership as well as greater links between European and world agriculture. We have also internal determinants both in the rural environment and production process. The external and internal situation imposes drawing of ambitious and expansive goals and tasks for CAP. One has to remember that goals that justify existence of CAP for taxpayers cannot obscure the ideas that are basic for agricultural and rural development.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121911960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Rice Yield from Space: The Case of Thai Binh Province, Viet Nam","authors":"K. Guan, Ngo The Hien, Zhan Li, L. Rao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3188560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3188560","url":null,"abstract":"Despite a growing interest in using satellite data to estimate paddy rice yield in Southeast Asia, significant cloud coverage has led to a scarcity of usable optical data for such analysis. In this paper, we study the feasibility of using two alternative sources of satellite data—(i) surface reflectance fusion data which integrates Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, and (ii) L-band radar backscatter data from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) PALSAR-2 sensors—to circumvent the cloud cover problem and estimate yield in Thai Binh Province, Viet Nam during the second growing season of 2015. Our findings indicate that although Landsat– MODIS fusion data are not necessarily beneficial for paddy rice mapping when compared with only using Landsat data, fusion data allows us to estimate the peak value of various vegetation indexes and derive the best empirical relationship between these indexes and yield data from the field. We also find that the L-band radar data not only has a lower performance in paddy rice mapping when compared with optical data, but also contributes little to rice yield estimation.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128997450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market Structure and Supply Shocks: Evidence from Mining Disasters","authors":"H. Gnutzmann, Oskar Kowalewski, P. Śpiewanowski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3106757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3106757","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides new evidence on how imperfectly competitive markets with excess capacity mitigate the adverse impact of supply shocks on prices. We study the potash market, which is controlled by a syndicate that assigns output quotas in proportion to production capacity of its members. This sharing rule creates incentives for excess capacity investment. Hence, it insulates the market from the impact of extreme events. Using a novel data set of potash mine disasters, we show that permanent or long-term loss of up to 4% of global or 20% of country production capacity does not affect the production levels and the commodity prices.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129917715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russia—Tariff Treatment: Identifying Systematic Violations of WTO Law","authors":"K. Reynolds, Boris Rigod","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3157101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157101","url":null,"abstract":"In October 2014, the European Union requested consultations with Russia under the WTO’s dispute settlement system regarding Russia’s tariff treatment of various agricultural and manufacturing products. Although most of the measures challenged by the EU were individual tariff lines, the final measure in its complaint was a “more general measure” referred to as the systematic duty variation. A WTO dispute panel eventually ruled that the EU failed to establish the systematic nature of the duty treatment afforded by Russia to certain products. In this paper, we explore the dispute panel’s ruling, as well as how claims of systematic non-compliance are treated in other legal settings. We conclude by exploring whether future WTO panels should instead consider statistical evidence of systematic treatment to promote compliance.","PeriodicalId":190809,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127014724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}