Nefrologia最新文献

{"title":"Infección peritoneal por Delftia lacustris","authors":"David García Cousillas, José Emilio Sánchez Álvarez, Noelia Palacio Liébana, Jéssica Blanco Sierra, Elena Astudillo Cortés, Carmen Rodríguez Suárez","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 5","pages":"Pages 418-419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnitude of chronic kidney disease in Spain","authors":"Rafael Santamaria , Carlos Escobar , Unai Aranda , Beatriz Palacios , Margarita Capel , Ignacio Hernández , Ana Cebrián , Roberto Alcázar , Manuel Gorostidi","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 5","pages":"Pages 415-417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obinutuzumab en glomerulonefritis focal y segmentaria resistente al tratamiento","authors":"Byron Chiliquinga Morales , Pablo Sánchez Garrote , Astrid Rodríguez Gómez , Carmen Martin Varas , Paulo García Gutiérrez , Ana Saiz González , Leonardo Calle García , Carlos Santos Alonso , Claudia Muñoz Martínez , Nieves Losada de la Rosa , Enrique Morales , María José Fernández-Reyes Luis","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 4","pages":"Pages 348-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A predictive model of non-diabetic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. A Spanish multi-center study","authors":"Sheila Bermejo ,&nbsp;Ester González ,&nbsp;Katia López-Revuelta ,&nbsp;Meritxell Ibernon ,&nbsp;Diana López ,&nbsp;Adoración Martín-Gómez ,&nbsp;Rosa Garcia-Osuna ,&nbsp;Tania Linares ,&nbsp;Montserrat Díaz ,&nbsp;Nàdia Martín ,&nbsp;Xoana Barros ,&nbsp;Helena Marco ,&nbsp;Maruja Isabel Navarro ,&nbsp;Noemí Esparza ,&nbsp;Sandra Elias ,&nbsp;Ana Coloma ,&nbsp;Nicolás Roberto Robles ,&nbsp;Irene Agraz ,&nbsp;Esteban Poch ,&nbsp;Lida Rodas ,&nbsp;María José Soler","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Kidney biopsy is increasing in patients with diabetes and around 50–60% of patients with diabetes have non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD). Identifying NDKD is crucial since these patients have a better renal prognosis and survival compared to patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). The objective of this study is to provide a clinical practice tool for through a predictive model of NDKD.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>Observational and multicenter Spanish study of the pathological results of kidney biopsies in patients with diabetes from 2002 to 2014. A logistic regression analysis and the probability of presenting NDKD was calculated using a punctuation score.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 832 patients with diabetes and renal biopsy were analyzed. An accurate risk-predictive model for NDKD was developed with five top-ranked non-invasive clinical variables (age, serum creatinine, presence of diabetic retinopathy, microhematuria and peripheral vascular disease) obtaining a score for each one allowing for a proper prediction of NDKD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In our study, we developed a risk-stratification score to calculate the probability of NDKD. This could be in a next future a useful tool for the clinical indication of renal biopsy in patients with diabetes and kidney disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 5","pages":"Pages 360-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing osteoporosis management in CKD patients","authors":"Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 4","pages":"Pages 344-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementación de la técnica interna (in-house) de determinación del ADN libre del donante en la actividad clínica diaria: experiencia del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona","authors":"Elena Cuadrado-Payán ,&nbsp;Eva González-Roca ,&nbsp;Diana Rodríguez-Espinosa ,&nbsp;Alicia Molina-Andújar ,&nbsp;Enrique Montagud-Marrahi ,&nbsp;Carolt Arana ,&nbsp;Angela González-Rojas ,&nbsp;Nuria Esforzado ,&nbsp;Vicens Torregrosa ,&nbsp;Pedro Ventura-Aguiar ,&nbsp;María Argudo ,&nbsp;Daniel Serrano-Jorcano ,&nbsp;Maria José Ramírez-Bajo ,&nbsp;Elisenda Bañón-Maneus ,&nbsp;Silvia Casas ,&nbsp;Jose Jesús Broseta ,&nbsp;Joan Anton Puig-Butille ,&nbsp;Ignacio Revuelta ,&nbsp;Fritz Diekmann ,&nbsp;David Cucchiari","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objective</h3><div>The introduction of donor-derived free DNA (ddcfDNA) has emerged as an accurate non-invasive biomarker to diagnose rejection, compared to classical ones. Here we evaluate our experience after its implementation in our center as an in-house technique.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Single-center cross-sectional study with extraction of cell-free DNA in blood and quantification of the ddcfDNA using the AlloSeqcfDNA assay (CareDx) at the time of performing biopsies ‘per protocol’ or ‘per indication’ between December 2020 and December 2023.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>172 graft biopsies were included (59 for protocol and 113 for cause) in 112 kidney transplant recipients. Among the biopsies, 19 borderline rejections, 11 T-cell mediated rejections, and 30 antibody-mediated rejections were identified. The median ddcfDNA in each diagnostic group was: 0.40% (0.23%-0.82%) in borderline, 0.60% (0.23%-1.91%) in cellular, and 1.48% (0.77%-3.4%) in antibody-mediated rejection (p<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.001). In the 112 biopsies with no signs of rejection, the median ddcfDNA was 0.33% (0.17%-0.54%) (p<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.001). Cases with positive DSAs and rejection showed higher levels of ddcfDNA than positive DSAs without rejection (p<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.010), and ddcfDNA levels were significantly associated with microvascular inflammation and C4d positivity. The area under the ROC curves of ddcfDNA to discriminate any type of rejection from the absence of rejection was 0.74 (0.65-0.82) and, excluding borderline rejection from the analysis, 0.80 (0.72-0.89), outperforming other markers of renal function.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Implementing ddcfDNA analysis at our center as a clinical tool has proven valuable for distinguishing biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, particularly antibody-mediated rejection, outperforming classic renal function markers. Its hospital-based implementation supports timely and accurate diagnosis, improving transplant management and prognosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 4","pages":"Pages 294-301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecografía POCUS: una herramienta para la detección y seguimiento de sarcopenia en diálisis peritoneal","authors":"Estefanya García-Menéndez ,&nbsp;José Portolés ,&nbsp;Irene Pérez Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Ana Tato Ribera ,&nbsp;Claudia Yuste Lozano ,&nbsp;Marta Ossorio González ,&nbsp;María Jesús Álvarez López ,&nbsp;Paula López Sánchez ,&nbsp;Darío Janeiro Marín","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The prevalence of sarcopenia varies between 1.5% and 68% among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This wide range is due to the different diagnostic tools and the cut-off points used. Early diagnosis and intervention of sarcopenia are essential because of its association with poorer quality of life (QoL), higher hospitalization rates, and adverse events. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) consensus review suggests ultrasound as an emerging tool to quantify muscle mass. Our objective is to describe the prevalence of sarcopenia risk in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the utility of ultrasound in our setting.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Material and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;We conducted an observational study in prevalent PD patients at the Puerta de Hierro University Hospital between January and October 2023. Clinical, efficacy, analytical and nutritional parameters were collected, along with functional performance measured by SPPB, frailty (FRAIL scale), risk of malnutrition (MIS scale), bioimpedance and estimation of appendicular skeletal muscle mass using Lin's formula. Ultrasound measurement of supramuscular fat, axes (X and Y) and the area of the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps were also included, adjusted for height and body surface area. We classified patients at risk of sarcopenia based on handgrip strength according to EWGSOP2 criteria, adjusted for sex. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Puerta de Hierro University Hospital (No. 16/2023).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;We evaluated 38 patients, with a mean age of 65.4 years (SD 14.9), 65.8% were male. 52.6% had a reduced lean tissue index (LTI) and 23.7% had a reduced fat tissue index (FTI), with a mean phase angle (AF) of 4.5 (SD 1.1). We classified 42.1% as patients at risk of sarcopenia based on handgrip strength. They were older, had more comorbidities, poorer nutrition according to the MIS scale, and showed worse scores on frailty and functional capacity. Similary, they had a lower LTI, lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and lower quadriceps muscle thickness (Y axis 8.5&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;mm [SD 2.4] vs. 11.8&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;mm [SD 3.3], &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt;!--&gt;=&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;0.002). Patients at risk of sarcopenic had lower phosphorus levels and higher C-reactive protein levels. The predictive capacity of ultrasound for classifying patients at risk of sarcopenia was AUC 0.78 (0.64-0.93) for Y axis, similar to those obtained with the LTI and AF of bioimpedance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sarcopenia risk is highly prevalent in PD and is related to age, comorbidity, malnutrition and inflammation in patients. Ultrasound is an accessible, safe, low-cost and easy-to-use tool at the bedside. This method helps us to quantify muscle mass and assess its quality. We propose the thickness of the rectus femoris muscle (Y axis) as the best complementary parameter given its good correlation with bioimpedance and its diagnostic value for sarcop","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 4","pages":"Pages 302-311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary renal tubular acidosis during pregnancy, what about the perinatal prognosis? A case report and literature review","authors":"Johan Van Laethem ,&nbsp;Lucie Seyler ,&nbsp;Annelies Tonnelier","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a group of disorders caused by tubular defects leading to defective reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and/or secretion of protons (H⁺). It is known that pregnancy can induce or worsen some forms of RTA. To date, no systematic data exist on the course of pregnancy in hereditary RTA-affected mothers, nor on the outcome of both mothers and children.</div><div>A 35-year-old female patient attends her routine obstetric follow-up consultation at 32-weeks’ pregnancy. From the 6th week of gestation, she has been complaining of general malaise, accompanied by paraesthesia in both hands. She is known to have renal tubular acidosis type 1, carrying a mutation in the SLC4A1 gene encoding for the bicarbonate-chloride exchanger located in the alpha-intercalated cell of the renal collecting tubule. At week 32, serum bicarbonate levels appeared to be 11<!--> <!-->mEq/l. The patient was hospitalised and treated with intravenous sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride. After 5 days, the symptoms resolved, and her bicarbonate level had normalised. A healthy infant was born with a normal Apgar score. Carriage of the same mutation was found in the child at 16 months. Our literature study shows that 12 of the 13 reported infants born from a mother with primary RTA were healthy at delivery. One neonate revealed signs of hyperparathyroidism at day 2, but those signs resolved at 1 month of age.</div><div>RTA during pregnancy is often associated with decompensation and worsening of acidosis. More attention should be paid to patients with RTA suffering from hyperemesis gravidas, in particular regarding therapy adherence. Our literature review focusses on foetal prognosis, which seems to be favourable in most of the reported pregnancies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 4","pages":"Pages 329-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Registro Español de Enfermos Renales (REER): informe del año 2022 y análisis evolutivo","authors":"Borja Quiroga ,&nbsp;Beatriz Mahíllo ,&nbsp;Auxiliadora Mazuecos ,&nbsp;Alberto Ortiz ,&nbsp;Jordi Comas Farnés ,&nbsp;Domingo Hernández Marrero ,&nbsp;Sara Trujillo Alemán ,&nbsp;M. Carmen Santiuste de Pablos ,&nbsp;Olga Lucía Rodríguez Arévalo ,&nbsp;María Marques Vidas ,&nbsp;M. Fernanda Slon-Roblero ,&nbsp;Marta Artamendi Larrañaga ,&nbsp;Iñigo Moina Eguren ,&nbsp;María de la Oliva Valentín Muñoz ,&nbsp;Marta Rodríguez Camblor ,&nbsp;Inmaculada Moreno Alia ,&nbsp;M. Encarnación Bouzas Caamaño ,&nbsp;M. Antonia Blanco Galán ,&nbsp;Javier Deira Lorenzo ,&nbsp;Héctor García López ,&nbsp;Emilio Sánchez Álvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will be the second leading cause of death in Spain by 2100. The Spanish Renal Disease Registry (REER) records the incidence, prevalence and mortality of all patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Spain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data are provided by Spanish autonomous regions and cities and the <em>Organización Nacional de Trasplantes</em>. Incidence and prevalence rates of RRT have been calculated (considering the Spanish population according to annual data from the <em>Instituto Nacional de Estadística</em>), as well as mortality of patients on RRT in our country during the period 2013-2022.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The incidence rate of RRT increased by 21% from 2013 to 2019, and stabilized thereafter, with a value of 152.2 cases per million population (pmp) in 2022, of which 77.8% were on haemodialysis (HD), 16.7% on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 5.5% received a preemptive kidney transplant. Diabetes was the leading cause of CKD requiring RRT (21.8%), followed by other causes (21.6%). The incidence rate of RRT was 2-fold higher in men than in women, with large regional differences (1.93-fold for men and 2.55-fold for women in regions with the highest and lowest incidence rates).</div><div>The prevalence rate of RRT was 1,391.1<!--> <!-->pmp in 2022, showing a progressive increase over the last decade, mainly at the expense of an increase in the transplant population (765.0<!--> <!-->pmp, 55.0%).</div><div>In 2022, 3,404 kidney transplants were performed in Spain (71.7<!--> <!-->pmp), which situates it as a world leader. The most frequent donor type was the donor after the neurological determination of death (51.5%), followed by the donor after the circulatory determination of death (37%).</div><div>The overall annual mortality of RRT patients was 8.4% (13.8% for HD, 10.1% for PD and 3.9% for transplantation).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although it has stabilized somewhat in recent years, the incidence and prevalence of RRT continues to rise in Spain. Additional measures must be adopted to harmonize and optimize kidney health care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 4","pages":"Pages 312-328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guía de práctica clínica sobre detección y manejo de la enfermedad renal diabética: documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología","authors":"Nuria Montero ,&nbsp;Laia Oliveras ,&nbsp;Alberto Martínez-Castelao ,&nbsp;José Luis Gorriz ,&nbsp;María José Soler ,&nbsp;Beatriz Fernández-Fernández ,&nbsp;María Quero ,&nbsp;Clara García-Carro ,&nbsp;Paula García-Sancho ,&nbsp;Marian Goicechea ,&nbsp;Juan José Gorgojo Martínez ,&nbsp;Pablo Molina ,&nbsp;María Jesús Puchades ,&nbsp;Diana Rodríguez-Espinosa ,&nbsp;Nery Sablón ,&nbsp;Rafael Santamaría ,&nbsp;Juan Francisco Navarro-González ,&nbsp;en nombre del Grupo Español de Estudio de la Nefropatía Diabética (GEENDIAB)","doi":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nefro.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address all the changes in the management of people with diabetes (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), under the auspices of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), the Spanish Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group (GEENDIAB) decided to publish an updated Clinical Practice Guideline for detection and management of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It is aimed at a wide audience of clinicians treating diabetes and CKD. The terminology of kidney disease in diabetic patients has evolved towards a more inclusive nomenclature that avoids underdiagnosis of this entity. Thus, the terms “diabetes and kidney disease” and “diabetic kidney disease” are those proposed in the latest KDIGO 2022 guidelines to designate the whole spectrum of patients who can benefit from a comprehensive therapeutic approach only differentiated according to eGFR range and albuminuria.</div><div>Recommendations have been divided into five main areas of interest: Chapter 1: Screening and diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease, Chapter 2: Metabolic control in people with diabetes and CKD, Chapter 3: Blood pressure control in people with diabetic kidney disease, Chapter 4: Treatment targeting progression of CKD in people with diabetic kidney disease, and Chapter 5: Antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy in people with diabetes and CKD.</div><div>World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for guideline development were followed to report this guideline. Systematic reviews were carried out, with outcome ratings and summaries of findings, and we reported the strength of recommendations following the “Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation” GRADE evidence profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18997,"journal":{"name":"Nefrologia","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}