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The Biological Photochrome Bacteriorhodopsin and its Genetic Variant Asp96 → Asn as Reversible Media for Dynamic Optical Pattern Recognition 生物光色素细菌视紫红质及其遗传变异Asp96→Asn作为动态光学模式识别的可逆介质
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1990.mc3
N. Hampp, R. Thoma, D. Oesterhelt, C. Bräuchle
{"title":"The Biological Photochrome Bacteriorhodopsin and its Genetic Variant Asp96 → Asn as Reversible Media for Dynamic Optical Pattern Recognition","authors":"N. Hampp, R. Thoma, D. Oesterhelt, C. Bräuchle","doi":"10.1364/slma.1990.mc3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1990.mc3","url":null,"abstract":"The photochromic protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is contained in two-dimensional crystallized form in the purple membrane (PM) fragments from the cell membrane of Halobacterium halobium [1, 2]. BR belongs to the class of retinal proteins and is related to the human visual pigment. Excitation with light induces a cyclic sequence of photoconversions which are summarized in Figure 1. Even in dried PM-films the photocycle is observed. After absorption of a photon the protein reaches approximately 50 μs later the longest living M-form, which is about 160 nm blue-shifted from the initial state B. From the M-intermediate BR can relax either thermally or photochemically to the initial B-state.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114574762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator: Materials and Addressing 铁电液晶空间光调制器:材料与寻址
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1988.thd3
L. A. Pagano-Stauffer, M. Handschy, N. Clark
{"title":"Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator: Materials and Addressing","authors":"L. A. Pagano-Stauffer, M. Handschy, N. Clark","doi":"10.1364/slma.1988.thd3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1988.thd3","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) technology is ideally suited for the making of spatial light modulators (SLMs) because of its fast, low-voltage, low-power electrooptic effect. Its bistabilty and sharp dynamic threshold further make multiplexed addressing schemes attractive, promising SLMs with a large number of elements yet with an economical number of electronic drivers. We report here results of several implementations of the most common multiplexing scheme, “matrix addressing,” and point out several properties of the FLC materials that are likely to influence the performance of matrix-addressed SLMs.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121934918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fundamental Constraints on SLMs Supporting N x N Fan-in/Fan-out 支持N × N风扇输入/风扇输出的slm的基本约束
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1995.ltuc7
H. Caulfield, M. Schamschula, Leo Zhang
{"title":"Fundamental Constraints on SLMs Supporting N x N Fan-in/Fan-out","authors":"H. Caulfield, M. Schamschula, Leo Zhang","doi":"10.1364/slma.1995.ltuc7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1995.ltuc7","url":null,"abstract":"The recent trend to use small SLMs (spatial light modulators) together with low f/numbers has stretched the capabilities of most SLMs1. For common SLMs, such as those based on ferroelectric liquid-crystals or the electro-optic effect, possess a small field of view, usually no more than a 5° half-angle. Low f/numbers such as those approaching 1, with half-angles up to 45° greatly exceed the capabilities of such SLMs.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123672582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optical Correlation with a Cross-Coupled Spatial Light Modulator 交叉耦合空间光调制器的光学相关性
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1988.fb4
R. Juday
{"title":"Optical Correlation with a Cross-Coupled Spatial Light Modulator","authors":"R. Juday","doi":"10.1364/slma.1988.fb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1988.fb4","url":null,"abstract":"In correlation filtering a spatial light modulator (SLM) is usually modeled as affecting only the phase or only the amplitude of light. Usually it is a one-parameter combination of phase and amplitude that correctly describes the action. We develop an integral equation as a necessary condition that includes the phase and amplitude cross-coupling while optimizing a correlation filter. The phase-only filter is shown as a special case. A technique for solving the integral equation is outlined for a phase-mostly SLM.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128035395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Photorefractive Spatial Light Modulator as a 2-D Beam Steering Array. 光折变空间光调制器作为二维光束控制阵列。
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1988.wc4
G. Roosen
{"title":"Photorefractive Spatial Light Modulator as a 2-D Beam Steering Array.","authors":"G. Roosen","doi":"10.1364/slma.1988.wc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1988.wc4","url":null,"abstract":"Free space optical interconnections are of prime importance for both optical communications(1) and optical computing(2).","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122278336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spatial Light Phase Modulators and Fresnel Optical Elements using Liquid Crystals 液晶空间光相位调制器和菲涅耳光学元件
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1990.tua5
A. Purvis
{"title":"Spatial Light Phase Modulators and Fresnel Optical Elements using Liquid Crystals","authors":"A. Purvis","doi":"10.1364/slma.1990.tua5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1990.tua5","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of liquid crystaline material to modulate the phase of a light beam has been exploited in the production of thin-film Fresnel optical components.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"308 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121681287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Self-Routing Algorithm for the Circularly Multistage Optical Interconnection Network 圆形多级光互连网络的自路由算法
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1990.tuc11
H. Ito, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, T. Nakagami
{"title":"Self-Routing Algorithm for the Circularly Multistage Optical Interconnection Network","authors":"H. Ito, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, T. Nakagami","doi":"10.1364/slma.1990.tuc11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1990.tuc11","url":null,"abstract":"Due to many limitations of the electrical interconnection, optical free-space interconnection is expected to overcome its bottleneck because of the high- bandwidth , high-speed transmission, parallel multi-beam inputs, and the absence of interference among beams. Some of such attempt are found in [1],[2],[3].","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115970088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Compensation of Thickness Variations in a Fabry-Perot Modulator Array using a Self Tuned Fabry-Perot Structure 自调谐法布里-珀罗结构对法布里-珀罗调制器阵列厚度变化的补偿
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1995.ltua4
P. Harvey, S. Esener
{"title":"Compensation of Thickness Variations in a Fabry-Perot Modulator Array using a Self Tuned Fabry-Perot Structure","authors":"P. Harvey, S. Esener","doi":"10.1364/slma.1995.ltua4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1995.ltua4","url":null,"abstract":"Many optical modulators achieve improved performance when used in a Fabry-Perot (FP) configuration[1-3]. This is due to the increased interaction of the light with the modulator active material. A conventional FP modulator consists of an active layer (electrooptic, electroabsorptive, or optically active material) acting as a cavity sandwiched between two dielectric or metal mirrors. To increase the interaction in the cavity, higher reflectance mirrors are required resulting in higher finesse cavities[4]. However, as the finesse increases, the cavity thickness tolerance decreases. This proves to be a serious practical limitation when building large size and/or large arrays of FP modulators (e.g. wafer size). Only when fabrication techniques that create materials one monolayer at a time are used does it become possible to build uniform FP modulator arrays.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132038503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electron Beam-Addressed Membrane Light Modulator 电子束寻址膜光调制器
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1990.wa2
T. Horsky, G. Genetti, D. O'Mara, C. Schiller, C. Warde
{"title":"Electron Beam-Addressed Membrane Light Modulator","authors":"T. Horsky, G. Genetti, D. O'Mara, C. Schiller, C. Warde","doi":"10.1364/slma.1990.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1990.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"First introduced by Preston1 in 1968, deformable mirror SLMs incorporating a highly reflective membrane as the light modulating element have generated interest within the applied optics community as good candidates for both adaptive optics and projection display applications.2-4 These SLMs exhibit very fast response times, can be read out with high optical efficiency, and in principle can incorporate a very large number of resolution elements. Since a deformable mirror SLM is essentially a two-dimensional phase modulating element with large phase dynamic range, it is well-suited to adaptive optics applications such as wavefront correction and beam steering. With appropriate pixelization of the membrane surface, intensity modulation may be accomplished via the Schlieren readout schemes employed by projection display systems such as the Eidophor5 (G.E.) and the γ-Ruticon6 (Xerox). The construction of a membrane light modulator (MLM) is such that a membrane is deposited over an array of wells with an addressable electrode at the bottom of each well. Thus, the well and its electrode define an individual pixel. The membrane is coated with a thin electrode material held at a static potential. A pixel is activated by establishing a potential difference between the well electrode and the membrane electrode, causing the membrane to deform into the well region in response to electrostatic forces. Hence, the pixel driving voltage induces a local phase modulation on the readout wavefront reflected by the membrane mirror surface.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132250689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optical Characteristics of Deformable Mirror Spatial Light Modulators 可变形镜空间光调制器的光学特性
Spatial Light Modulators and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/slma.1990.wa1
J. M. Florence
{"title":"Optical Characteristics of Deformable Mirror Spatial Light Modulators","authors":"J. M. Florence","doi":"10.1364/slma.1990.wa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/slma.1990.wa1","url":null,"abstract":"Deformable mirror device (DMD) spatial light modulators are a unique family of silicon integrated circuits that combine addressing circuitry and light modulating elements in a single monolithically fabricated part. The DMD light modulators have moderately high resolution with pixel spacing of approximately 25 µm in 128 by 128 arrays. The on-chip electronic addressing circuitry is capable of full frame addressing of the 128 by 128 array at rates as high as 8000 frames per second. The details of the fabrication, electronic addressing, and the electro-mechanical aspects of these devices have been reported in several papers. [1-3] Applications of the DMD light modulators to optical correlation, frequency excisors, optical switching, folded spectrum analysis, and optical neural networks have also been reported.[4-7] This paper describes the optical modulation characteristics of DMD elements and compares the response characteristics of three different types of deformable mirror structures.","PeriodicalId":188204,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Light Modulators and Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130198995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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