Marine Mammal Science最新文献

{"title":"Association Patterns of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Waters off the North West Cape, Western Australia","authors":"Chloe M. Edwards,&nbsp;Jonathan Syme,&nbsp;Guido J. Parra","doi":"10.1111/mms.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examined association patterns, social clustering, and temporal stability of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the North West Cape (NWC), Western Australia. Over 6 years, boat-based surveys collected photo-identification data, enabling repeated sampling, sighting history construction, and associate identification. Among the 344 adult dolphins identified, 116 were sighted at least five times and used in association analyses. A strong correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.86 ± 0.01 SE) between true and estimated association indices, along with a high coefficient of variation (<i>S</i> = 1.92 ± 0.9 SE), indicates a highly differentiated society with diverse relationships among individuals. Generalized affiliation indexes, social network metrics, and lagged association rates revealed predominantly loose, short-term associations within a well-connected but non-clustered social network. These fluid association patterns are likely related to the open and transient nature of this population, where individuals move in and out of the study area. These movements provide opportunities for social interactions among different individuals, and members of different groups may fission for varying periods of time. Findings from this study provide a solid baseline for future studies looking at the sociogenetic structure of this population and the environmental and social factors driving their fluid social system.</p>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Drone-Based Thermal Images for Measuring Wildlife Abundance and Physiology","authors":"Wade A. Matern,&nbsp;Abram B. Fleishman,&nbsp;Ianna Gilbert,&nbsp;Xaun Wilson,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Beddow,&nbsp;Isabella Garfield,&nbsp;Armando Ornelas,&nbsp;Matthew McKown,&nbsp;Patrick W. Robinson,&nbsp;Roxanne S. Beltran","doi":"10.1111/mms.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although drones are a promising alternative to traditional wildlife monitoring methods, validation efforts are needed to quantify the accuracy of abundance and distribution estimates obtained from using drones. We used drones equipped with high-resolution Red-Green-Blue (RGB) and thermal cameras, coupled with machine learning techniques, to assess the abundance and thermal physiology in northern elephant seals (\u0000 <i>Mirounga angustirostris</i>\u0000 ). Aerial images of 3415 seals and measurements of ambient air temperature, wind speed, and time of day were collected during nighttime and daytime drone flights (<i>N</i> = 24). Two-dimensional polygons and surface temperatures of seals were measured from the images. Machine learning algorithms were applied to detect seals in the imagery, and model performance was evaluated. Detection was more accurate using RGB images (machine learning averaged 6.8% lower than human counts) than thermal images (16.6%). However, thermal images were useful for determining that time of day and ambient temperature (but not wind speed or body size) influenced seal external skin temperature. RGB and thermal cameras have different strengths and weaknesses that should be considered when designing research studies. Our study demonstrates that integrating drones, thermal imaging, and machine learning can promote faster, safer, cheaper, less disruptive, and more accurate wildlife monitoring and conservation efforts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Mammal Stranding Networks in the 21st Century: Whence and Whither?","authors":"Frances M. D. Gulland,&nbsp;Regina Asmutis-Silvia,&nbsp;Jeff Boehm,&nbsp;Robert A. DiGiovanni Jr.,&nbsp;Caroline E. C. Goertz,&nbsp;Jessica L. Huggins,&nbsp;Gretchen N. Lovewell,&nbsp;Kathleen M. Moore,&nbsp;Kristi West","doi":"10.1111/mms.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70016","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Marine mammals stranded ashore have captured human attention for centuries—Aristotle observed over 2000 years ago that dolphins sometimes came ashore for unknown reasons. Indigenous coastal communities from New Zealand to the Arctic have oral histories documenting stranding events (Marsh et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;) and dramatic scenes of dead whales swarmed over by a curious public were recorded by 16th-century Dutch painters (Figure 1). The efforts of visionaries who saw the scientific potential in marine mammals stranded ashore have changed these events from spectacles to sites of scientific endeavor, providing the foundation for ocean biomonitoring programs worldwide. Stranded marine mammals have become recognized as sentinels for the health of conspecifics, their environment, and humans who depend on healthy ocean resources (Reddy et al. &lt;span&gt;2001&lt;/span&gt;). Continued investment in stranding network capacity could further enhance responses to both live and dead stranded animals, improving their welfare, expanding the science of these species, and better informing the “One Health” (an integrated, unifying approach that aims to optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystem recognizing they are closely linked and inter-dependent) community and management actions for conservation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Formal stranding network responses in the United States date back to 1883 (True &lt;span&gt;1883&lt;/span&gt;) when Frederick W. True (Marine Mammal Curator) and Spencer Fullerton Baird (Director) from the US National Museum of Natural History requested the Light Keepers of Cape Hatteras, NC, record data on marine mammal carcasses. In the United Kingdom, a 1913 agreement between the British Museum and Board of Trade recorded data on cetacean strandings by the “Receivers of Wreck” using a specific form transmitted to the museum by telegram (Fraser &lt;span&gt;1934&lt;/span&gt;). In 1968, New Zealand stranding data held in museums and private records were compiled by Gaskin (&lt;span&gt;1968&lt;/span&gt;) to investigate potential causes of mass strandings (see Table 1 for a timeline of stranding network development). In the United States, Dr. James Mead and Mr. Charles Potter began their tenures at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in 1972, when they established the Stranding Event Alert Network “SEAN,” and distributed brochures to ocean users requesting notification of cetacean carcasses discovered along the eastern seaboard from South Carolina to Massachusetts. These activities coincided with the passing of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA) and were the impetus for the first US Marine Mammal Commission workshop on strandings in 1977. The workshop recommended development of regional stranding networks (Geraci and St. Aubin &lt;span&gt;1979&lt;/span&gt;). Over the following 20 years, regional stranding networks were also established in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, Canada, and Central and South America. The morbillivirus epizootics of 1987–1988 that caused stranding","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Population Consequences of an Epidemic of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza on Southern Elephant Seals","authors":"Claudio Campagna,&nbsp;Richard Condit,&nbsp;Mariano Ferrari,&nbsp;Julieta Campagna,&nbsp;Elena Eder,&nbsp;Marcela Uhart,&nbsp;Ralph E. T. Vanstreels,&nbsp;Valeria Falabella,&nbsp;Mirtha N. Lewis","doi":"10.1111/mms.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The colony of southern elephant seals (\u0000 <i>Mirounga leonina</i>\u0000 ) at Península Valdés (Argentina) grew by 0.9% from 2000 to 2022, reaching a population of 18,000 reproductive females. In 2023, an epidemic of the High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5N1 virus led to the death of almost all pups and an unknown number of adults. We tested five scenarios that included complete pup mortality along with varying levels of adult mortality and reduced fertility. Newborn mortality had the smallest impact on the future population due to high natural mortality. Consequences of pup deaths will not appear until 2027, when those lost pups would have first reproduced. Scenarios including mature female mortality had more severe and immediate consequences, with a reduction in the breeding population in 2024 predicted to match the flu death rate. It took about 10 years for the population to readjust to the 2022 age distribution. In scenarios including adult mortality, it will take decades for the population to return to the 2022 level. The 2023 epidemic may thus reverse the conservation status of a population previously having no threats to continued growth.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Little Book of WhalesBy Robert Young and Annalisa Berta, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2024. 160 pp. US$ 15.95 (hardcover); US$ 11.17 (eBook). ISBN: 978-0-69-126012-9","authors":"Geraldine Busquets-Vass","doi":"10.1111/mms.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The First Satellite Flipper Tag Deployments on Steller Sea Lions Allow Tracking Beyond the Annual Molt","authors":"Kimberly L. Raum-Suryan,&nbsp;Lauri A. Jemison,&nbsp;Michael J. Rehberg,&nbsp;Katharine N. Savage","doi":"10.1111/mms.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Entanglement in marine debris and fishing gear is increasingly recognized as a serious source of human-caused mortality for pinniped population world-wide and has been shown to contribute to Steller sea lion injury and mortality. As such, our primary goal in testing these location-only satellite flipper tags was to track post-entanglement response survival of Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska, USA. The minimum data set necessary to determine post-release survival included: (a) location data sufficient to demonstrate movement indicating the tag was still attached to a live sea lion, and (b) tag endurance sufficient to track a disentangled sea lion beyond the molt (most entanglement response occurs during the summer in conjunction with other Steller sea lion research so tags glued to the pelage typically only last two to three months before falling off). For this study, we tested Wildlife Computers (Redmond, Washington, USA) Smart Position and Temperature (SPOT) 6 Model 371B inline satellite tags (SPOT 6 tags) on Steller sea lions. This first application of attaching SPOT 6 satellite flipper tags on otariids was a success with tags transmitting up to 2.05 years. Overall, the benefits of these tags outweighed their limitations and for the first time, allowed us to track Steller sea lions beyond the annual molt.</p>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tadasu K. Yamada (1950–2024)","authors":"Masao Amano,&nbsp;Yuko Tajima,&nbsp;Hajime Ishikawa,&nbsp;Robert L. Brownell Jr.","doi":"10.1111/mms.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separating Historical Catches Among Pygmy Blue Whale Populations Using Recent Song Detections","authors":"Trevor A. Branch,&nbsp;Cole C. Monnahan,&nbsp;Emmanuelle C. Leroy,&nbsp;Fannie W. Shabangu,&nbsp;Ana Širović,&nbsp;Salvatore Cerchio,&nbsp;Suaad Al Harthi,&nbsp;Cherry Allison,&nbsp;Naysa Balcázar Cabrera,&nbsp;Dawn R. Barlow,&nbsp;Susannah V. Calderan,&nbsp;Michael C. Double,&nbsp;Richard Dréo,&nbsp;Alexander N. Gavrilov,&nbsp;Jason Gedamke,&nbsp;Kristin B. Hodge,&nbsp;K. Curt S. Jenner,&nbsp;Micheline N.-M. Jenner,&nbsp;Jeremy J. Kiszka,&nbsp;Ishmail S. Letsheleha,&nbsp;Robert D. McCauley,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds,&nbsp;Brian S. Miller,&nbsp;Divya Panicker,&nbsp;Chris Pierpoint,&nbsp;Zoe R. Rand,&nbsp;Kym Reeve,&nbsp;Tracey Rogers,&nbsp;Jean-Yves Royer,&nbsp;Flore Samaran,&nbsp;Kathleen M. Stafford,&nbsp;Karolin Thomisch,&nbsp;Leigh G. Torres,&nbsp;Maëlle Torterotot,&nbsp;Joy S. Tripovich,&nbsp;Victoria E. Warren,&nbsp;Andrew Willson,&nbsp;Maïa S. Willson","doi":"10.1111/mms.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean, there are at least five populations of pygmy blue whales, <i>Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda</i>, residing in the Northwest Indian Ocean (NWIO, Oman), central Indian Ocean (CIO, Sri Lanka), Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO, Madagascar to Subantarctic), Southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO, Australia to Indonesia), and Southwest Pacific Ocean (SWPO, New Zealand). Each population produces a distinctive repeated song, but none have population assessments or reliable measures of historical whaling pressure. Here we created pygmy blue whale catch time series by removing Antarctic blue whale catches using length data and then fitting generalized additive models (based on latitude, longitude, and month) to contemporary song data (largely from 1995 to 2023) to allocate historical catches to the five populations. Most pygmy blue whale catches (97% of 12,207) were taken by Japanese and Soviet operations during 1959/1960 to 1971/1972, with the highest totals taken from the SWIO (6514), SEIO (2593), and CIO (2023), and lower catches from the NWIO (549) and SWPO (528). The resulting predicted annual catch assignments provide the first indication of the magnitude of whaling pressure on each population and are a key step toward assessing the status of these five pygmy blue whale populations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking the Geographical Origins of the Bycatch of Marine Mammals Stranded in the Southern Gulf of Mexico: Spatial and Temporal Patterns","authors":"Carlos Tamayo-Millán,&nbsp;Raúl E. Díaz-Gamboa","doi":"10.1111/mms.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bycatch currently constitutes a significant threat to marine mammals, and its assessment poses a substantial challenge to the sustainability of various fishing communities worldwide. Bycatch from small-scale fishing is comparatively higher in developing countries, where fisheries management data are lacking. Recent U.S. regulations aimed at reducing global bycatch largely speak to these concerns as well. For example, the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act regulations require nations that export fishery products to the U.S. market to have comparable regulations. Here, a cost-effective methodology to define bycatch conflict zones was developed based on 11 years of stranding data and producing a Lagrangian numerical model. Python-based classification algorithms determined distances between fishing ports and bycatch regions, revealing disparities across the western, central, and eastern areas through the implementation of the artificial intelligence library Scikit-learn. The areas with the highest marine mammal bycatch identified in this study are consistent with those reported in previous studies based on interviews regarding sea turtle bycatch. This study is the first of its kind in the region, highlighting the novelty of our research initiative.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Report of Two Rare Cases of Allonursing and Fostering in the Cape Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) in Namibia","authors":"Mathilde Martin,&nbsp;Tess Gridley,&nbsp;Simon Elwen,&nbsp;Isabelle Charrier","doi":"10.1111/mms.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70014","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Allomaternal care includes a nonfilial conspecific individual provisioning care to a dependent young, for example, feeding them, protecting them, or training them (Wilson &lt;span&gt;1975&lt;/span&gt;). This care can be given during a short time window (hours to days), a longer but still temporary period, or on a long-term basis until weaning. Although different terms are used to describe allomaternal care and there appears to be no consensus on what behaviors it includes, we distinguish here between the term “allonursing” referring to the provision of care over a short period (a few hours or days) and the term “fostering” which refers to the provision of care over a longer period, including until weaning (Maniscalco et al. &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;). Nonfilial care has been reported in many mammal and bird species as they can, in some cases, represent an advantage by improving the fitness of the mother and/or the chances of survival of the young (Riedman &lt;span&gt;1982&lt;/span&gt;). In pinnipeds, allonursing and fostering behaviors are known to be far more common in phocids than in otariids (Boness et al. &lt;span&gt;1998&lt;/span&gt;; Riedman &lt;span&gt;1990&lt;/span&gt;; Sepúlveda and Harcourt &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). Except in the New Zealand sea lion (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Phocarctos hookeri&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) and the Antarctic fur seal (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Arctocephalus gazella&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) for which fostering can reach 6% and 7%–11% of nursing females, respectively (Childerhouse and Gales &lt;span&gt;2001&lt;/span&gt;; Gemmell &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Lunn &lt;span&gt;1992&lt;/span&gt;), studies have only reported fostering or allonursing as isolated cases. The behavior has been described as “abnormal” in the South American fur seal (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Arctocephalus australis&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) (Franco-Trecu et al. &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;), the New Zealand fur seal (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Arctocephalus forsteri&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) (Dowell et al. &lt;span&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;), the Steller sea lion (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Eumetopias jubatus&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) (Maniscalco et al. &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;), the Subantarctic fur seal (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Arctocephalus tropicalis&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) (de Bruyn et al. &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;), and the Australian sea lion (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Neophoca cinerea&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) (Pitcher et al. &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;) (although it should be noted that an allonursing rate of 13% was observed during an unusual season at Seal Bay in Australia; McIntosh and Pitcher &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Cape fur seal (\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 ) is an otariid species distributed along the southwest and south coasts of Southern Africa, from Baia dos Tigres in southern Angola to Algoa Bay in South Africa (Huisamen et al. &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;). Similar to other fur seals, maternal care in the Cape fur seal is provided on land, in the breeding colonies where females exclusively nurse their own pup for a long duration, that is, 10–12 months (Rand &lt;span&gt;1955&lt;/span&gt;; Riedman &lt;span&gt;1990&lt;/span&gt;). Mothers and pups are frequently separated thr","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}