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Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842最新文献

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Life Outside Work 工作之余的生活
Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842 Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0008
Susan E. Schopp
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引用次数: 0
A “Versailles of Trade” “贸易的凡尔赛宫”
Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842 Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0003
Susan E. Schopp
{"title":"A “Versailles of Trade”","authors":"Susan E. Schopp","doi":"10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 examines the French East India Company model of Sino-European trade, with a particular emphasis on the features that distinguish it from the two other major models, the English and the Dutch. In France, not merchants but the state itself gave birth to the French East Company, once memorably described as a “Versailles of trade,” and the state continued to play a dominant role in the Company’s operations, exerting the power of approval over the Company’s decisions and issuing the edicts that established its policies. But the lure of private trade, and in particular, the appeal of the Chinese market, played a major role in hastening the demise of the company model, which from the mid-1700s was seen as increasingly obsolete in view of contemporary attitudes and conditions. The creation of the third French East India Company in 1785 after a fifteen-year period of private (open) trade was followed in 1790 by France’s opening her East India and China trade once more to the private sector, and this time it was definitive; the French East Company was permanently abolished in 1793, and for the rest of the Canton era, trade remained open.","PeriodicalId":186826,"journal":{"name":"Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134457991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The French Hong: Daily Work Life and Operations 《法国人:日常工作生活和操作》
Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842 Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0007
Susan E. Schopp
{"title":"The French Hong: Daily Work Life and Operations","authors":"Susan E. Schopp","doi":"10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 examines the French hong as a workplace. The workload was busiest at the beginning and end of the trading season; in addition to involving selling, selecting, purchasing, and delivery of cargo, the trade generated an enormous volume of supporting documentation in the form of contracts, receipts, permissions, correspondence, etc. The life of the Chinese employees is underrepresented in the archival records, but excerpts from an individual’s 1789 diary provide a detailed personal glimpse into one trader’s daily activity. Among the challenges affecting staff performance were interpersonal rivalry and the difficulty of adjusting, or not, to a climate and culture that were significantly different from those of Europe. The French referred to their Canton commercial establishment as a comptoir, a term that could be applied to both the physical and the intangible entity, and over the decades, its administration assumed several different forms; staff composition and salaries likewise varied. However, there were times, especially during periods of warfare or national unrest, when there was no French representation at Canton.","PeriodicalId":186826,"journal":{"name":"Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128149463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The French Hong: The Physical Plant 《法国红:物理植物
Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842 Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0006
Susan E. Schopp
{"title":"The French Hong: The Physical Plant","authors":"Susan E. Schopp","doi":"10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528509.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 focuses on the buildings that provided the French with living, work, and warehouse space in Canton; over the years, they rented at least seven different ones, and occasionally more than one at a time. They most often referred to these structures, which were a familiar form of Cantonese vernacular architecture, as hangs or hams (hongs), and only rarely as factoreries (factories). Their 1767 renovations to the façade of the hong that they rented from the merchant Tinqua were widely emulated by other trading nations on the Canton riverfront; less impressively, control of the same hong was twice a cause of major friction among French traders, the second time with long-lasting consequences. Besides identifying the various French hongs and locations, building structure, layout, furnishings, and residents, the chapter also explores the significance of the hong, to both the Chinese and the international community, as the symbol of a nation’s success in the Canton Trade. As the outward expression of a nation’s presence in Canton, the hong served as the public face of that nation, and thus came to assume an importance that far exceeded any merely physical function.","PeriodicalId":186826,"journal":{"name":"Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122018270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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