D. Bortoletto, V. Chiochia, S. Cucciarelli, A. Dorokhov, M. Konecki, K. Prokofiev, C. Regenfus, T. Rohe, S. Son, T. Speer, M. Swartz
{"title":"Sensor development for the CMS pixel detector","authors":"D. Bortoletto, V. Chiochia, S. Cucciarelli, A. Dorokhov, M. Konecki, K. Prokofiev, C. Regenfus, T. Rohe, S. Son, T. Speer, M. Swartz","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352061","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a current R&D activity for the sensor part of the CMS pixel detector. Devices featuring several design and technology options have been irradiated up to a proton fluence of 1 /spl times/ 10/sup 15/ n/sup eq//cm/sup 2/ at the CERN PS. Afterwards they have been bump bonded to unirradiated readout chips. The chips allow a non zero suppressed full analogue readout and therefore a good characterization of the sensors in terms of noise and charge collection properties. The samples have been tested using high energy pions in the H2 beam line of the CERN SPS in June and September 2003. The results of this test beam are presented and the differences between the sensor options are discussed.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122043488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FBP initialization for transition artifacts reduction in statistical X-ray CT reconstruction","authors":"W. Zbijewski, F. Beekman","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352507","url":null,"abstract":"When statistical reconstruction (SR) algorithms are applied to X-ray CT data, the resulting images may contain some disturbing streak artifacts emerging from high-contrast structures. Extremely high number of iterations needed to remove such disturbances may seriously slow down the reconstruction process. In this paper we demonstrate (using the ordered subsets convex algorithm) that these artifacts can be adequately suppressed if statistical reconstruction is initialized with images generated by means of analytical algorithms like filtered back projection (FBP). This allows the reconstruction time to be shortened by even as much as one order of magnitude. Although the initialization of the statistical algorithm with FBP image introduces some additional noise into the first iteration of OSC reconstruction, the resolution-noise trade-off and the contrast-to-noise ratio of final images are not markedly compromised.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121303418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rahmim, M. Lenox, C. Michel, A. Reader, V. Sossi
{"title":"Space-variant and anisotropic resolution modeling in list-mode EM reconstruction","authors":"A. Rahmim, M. Lenox, C. Michel, A. Reader, V. Sossi","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352547","url":null,"abstract":"One issue common to PET scanners is the space- variance of the point spread function (PSF): manifesting itself as resolution degradation as one moves away from the center of the field-of-view (FOV). This effect occurs due to a higher probability of inter-crystal penetration with higher angles of radiation incident on crystal fronts. Depth-of-interaction (DOI) encoding is known to improve this problem, but has not reached complete space-invariance. In this work, a space-variant PSF has been incorporated into the system matrix of a list-mode EM algorithm. Furthermore, in an effort to further extend generality and accuracy of the model, anisotropicity of the PSF has also been considered: finite resolution effects at any position in the FOV are allowed to have distinct values along the axial and the two transaxial directions, and are allowed to degrade differently with increasing distance from the center of the FOV. The spatial distribution of image resolution has been measured and fit using exponential and inverse-Gaussian functions. It is shown that the proposed modeling of the PSF, compared to space-invariant and isotropic modeling, improves resolution recovery across the FOV.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115947275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ruchti, D. Karmgard, M. Albrecht, K. Andert, P. Anselmino, B. Baumbaugh, J. Bishop, V. Clendenen, H. Dauerty, D. Dreher, C. Hurlbut, M. Jensen, N. Kamat, B. Marchant, J. Marchant, M. Mckenna, A. Rozzi, A. Slusher, R. Sommese, T. Sparks, M. Vigneault
{"title":"Waveshifters and scintillators for the detection of ionizing radiation","authors":"R. Ruchti, D. Karmgard, M. Albrecht, K. Andert, P. Anselmino, B. Baumbaugh, J. Bishop, V. Clendenen, H. Dauerty, D. Dreher, C. Hurlbut, M. Jensen, N. Kamat, B. Marchant, J. Marchant, M. Mckenna, A. Rozzi, A. Slusher, R. Sommese, T. Sparks, M. Vigneault","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351881","url":null,"abstract":"New waveshifter and scintillator materials are under development for use in detecting charged particles in tracking applications and for detecting showering particles in calorimetric applications. Goals have been to identify and produce fast and efficient dye materials that fluoresce in the middle of the visible spectrum where polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene have good optical transparency, to replace existing materials currently in use in the field of particle physics. As a result of this study, several fluorescent dyes have been identified with fast and efficient emission, that fluorescence in the green (/spl lambda/ /spl sim/ 490-520 nm), and from these a number waveshifter and scintillator materials have been fabricated.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133699816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Badawi, S. Surti, B. Kemp, R. Zimmerman, G. El Fakhri, C. Holdsworth, W. Worstell
{"title":"The effects of pulse pile-up on point-source measurements performed on different PET scanning devices","authors":"R. Badawi, S. Surti, B. Kemp, R. Zimmerman, G. El Fakhri, C. Holdsworth, W. Worstell","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352418","url":null,"abstract":"We have quantified resolution and contrast loss as a function of noise-equivalent count rate on the GSO-based Philips Allegro and the pixelated NaI CPET2 using previously developed methodology involving the NEMA NU 2-2001 70 cm test phantom and a Na-22 point source. We found that at peak NEC, neither system showed significant loss of resolution. However, after accounting for event loss due to dead time, loss of contrast was seen in both systems.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115616830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Segars, B. M. W. Tsui, E. C. Frey, Elliot K. Fishman
{"title":"Extension of the 4D NCAT phantom to dynamic X-ray CT simulation","authors":"W. Segars, B. M. W. Tsui, E. C. Frey, Elliot K. Fishman","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352577","url":null,"abstract":"The 4D NCAT phantom, developed to provide a realistic model of the human anatomy and physiology, is widely used in SPECT imaging research, but lacks anatomical details for application to high-resolution imaging such as X-ray CT and MRI. At the same time, current phantoms used in these areas lack the sufficient realism and flexibility to depict the complex shapes of real human organs and the deformations of those shapes due to anatomical variation and normal physiologic motion. We seek to fill that void by building upon the existing 4D NCAT phantom. Tissues distinguishable in X-ray CT imaging, including small details such as the pulmonary artery tree in the lungs and vasculature in the organs and body, were modeled based on segmented visible human CT data and high-resolution multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) data. The models were created using a combination of NURBS and subdivision (SD) surfaces. The anatomy was extended to include structures in the head and abdomen for brain and prostate imaging applications. To efficiently simulate high-resolution X-ray CT images, we developed a new analytic projection algorithm to accurately calculate the projections (parallel, fan, or cone-beam geometries) directly from the surface definition of the phantom without using voxelization. The projection data were reconstructed using algorithms developed in our laboratory for fan- and cone-beam reconstruction of X-ray CT projection images. We conclude that the new 4D NCAT with its enhanced anatomy and physiology will provide an important tool in high-resolution imaging research.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128449303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A gamma ray imager using clustered non-redundant array coded aperture","authors":"L. Meng, D. Wehe","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351810","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and initial experimental results of a gamma camera using a coded aperture with clustered non-redundant array pattern. This system is based on the use of 5\" position sensitive photomultiplier tube coupled to pixelated BGO array with 2/spl times/2/spl times/10mm/sup 3/ pixels. The PSPMT is readout by the IDEAS VA-MCR system with a costume made front electronic. This gamma camera was designed for imaging gamma rays with a broad energy range. The collimator plate was made of Tungsten of 8 mm thick for reducing the effect of gamma ray penetration. For imaging source objects with a relatively large angular extent and high background, the use of clustered NRA offers great flexibility in aperture design that provides a wide view angle and a controlled data multiplexing. In order to replace the time consuming Monte Carlo simulations, we also presented an analytical method for calculating performance indices, such as pixel-wise signal-to-noise ratio and resolution/variance tradeoffs achievable with different detector designs. This helps to select an approximate aperture for given imaging tasks.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129357261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Cabrera, J. Fernández, G. Gomez, J. Piedra, T. Rodrigo, A. Ruiz, I. Vila, R. Vilar, C. Grozis, R. Kephart, R. Stanek, D. Kim, M.S. Kim, Y. Oh, Y. Kim, G. Veramendi, K. Anikeev, G. Bauere, I. Furic, A. Korn, I. Kravchenko, M. Mulhearn, C. Paus, S. Pavlon, K. Sumorok, C. Chen, M. Jones, W. Kononenko, J. Kroll, G. Mayers, F. Newcomer, R. Oldeman, D. Usynin, R. Van Berg, G. Bellettini, C. Cerri, A. Menzione, H. Spinella, E. Vataga, S. De Cecco, D. De Pedis, C. Dionisi, S. Giagu, A. De Girolamo, M. Rescigno, L. Zanello, M. Ahn, B. Kim, S. Kim, I. Cho, J. Lee, I. Yu, H. Kaneko, A. Kazama, S. Kim, K. Sato, F. Ukegawa
{"title":"The CDF time of flight detector","authors":"S. Cabrera, J. Fernández, G. Gomez, J. Piedra, T. Rodrigo, A. Ruiz, I. Vila, R. Vilar, C. Grozis, R. Kephart, R. Stanek, D. Kim, M.S. Kim, Y. Oh, Y. Kim, G. Veramendi, K. Anikeev, G. Bauere, I. Furic, A. Korn, I. Kravchenko, M. Mulhearn, C. Paus, S. Pavlon, K. Sumorok, C. Chen, M. Jones, W. Kononenko, J. Kroll, G. Mayers, F. Newcomer, R. Oldeman, D. Usynin, R. Van Berg, G. Bellettini, C. Cerri, A. Menzione, H. Spinella, E. Vataga, S. De Cecco, D. De Pedis, C. Dionisi, S. Giagu, A. De Girolamo, M. Rescigno, L. Zanello, M. Ahn, B. Kim, S. Kim, I. Cho, J. Lee, I. Yu, H. Kaneko, A. Kazama, S. Kim, K. Sato, F. Ukegawa","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352035","url":null,"abstract":"A new Time of Flight (TOF) detector based on scintillator bars with fine-mesh photomultipliers at both ends has been in operation since 2001 in the CDF experiment. With a design resolution of 100 ps, the TOF can provide separation between K/sup /spl plusmn// and /spl pi//sup /spl plusmn// in pp~ collisions at the 2/spl sigma/ level for low momentum, which enhances b flavor tagging capabilities. Because of its very fast response, the TOF is an excellent triggering device, and it is used to trigger on highly ionizing particles, multiple minimum ionizing particles and cosmic rays. Particle identification is achieved by comparing the time-of-flight of the particle measured by the TOF to the time expected for a given mass hypothesis. In order to obtain the resolution necessary for particle ID, optimal calibrations are critical. This paper describes the TOF detector, its calibration procedure, the achieved resolution, the long term operation performances and some of the first results from data analysis using this detector.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133926416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel method for determining source spectrum/detector spectral response in X-ray imaging","authors":"Lifeng Yu, E. Sidky, X. Pan","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352505","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of the X-ray spectrum in diagnostic imaging is important for dose calculations and correction for beam-hardening artifacts. This work investigates the possibility of determining the X-ray source spectrum from transmission data of a known phantom. In addition to the design of the phantom, the novel aspect of this work is the application of the expectation-maximization method, widely used in tomographic image reconstruction, in solving the ill-posed problem of finding the X-ray spectrum from transmission data.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131809975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pellegrini, R. Pani, M. Cinti, C. Trotta, G. Iurlaro, M. Betti, P. Bennati, F. Cusanno, F. Garibaldi, S. Ridolfi, M. Mattioli, S. Majewski, B. Tsui
{"title":"Design of compact pinhole SPECT system based on flat panel PMT","authors":"R. Pellegrini, R. Pani, M. Cinti, C. Trotta, G. Iurlaro, M. Betti, P. Bennati, F. Cusanno, F. Garibaldi, S. Ridolfi, M. Mattioli, S. Majewski, B. Tsui","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352234","url":null,"abstract":"The present development of new gamma imagers has allowed to realize detectors with ultra high spatial resolution and very compact size for PET as well as for SPET application. In this paper we analyze and discuss the possible design of new pinhole SPECT scanners based on heads which consist of flat panel PSPMT and different design of scintillation arrays like NaI(Tl), 1 mm pixel size, and CsI(Tl) multi layers array, mounted in off centered configuration to improve the intrinsic spatial resolution of the imagers. The results show that an array configuration 2/spl times/2 Hamamatsu flat panel PSPMTs coupled to NaI(Tl) scintillation array with 1 mm pixel size, represents the best trade off between compactness and spatial resolution of pinhole SPET scanner. The use of off centered CsI(Tl) scintillation array coupled to a single flat panel PSPMT allows to arrange a high sensitivity and very compact pinhole SPET scanner at very low cost only worsening of 50% spatial resolution than an Anger gamma camera pinhole SPECT.","PeriodicalId":186175,"journal":{"name":"2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121997503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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