Military Medical Research最新文献

{"title":"Metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics.","authors":"Hai-Jia Yu, Jian-Hua Liu, Wei Liu, Rui Niu, Bin Zhang, Yuan Xiong, Yang Liu, Ying-Hui Wang, Hong-Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00627-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-025-00627-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challenges. Metal-based nanomedicines possess unique physicochemical properties that enable their interaction with living organisms, thereby inducing complex biological responses. These nanomaterials have been extensively used to enhance the contrast and sensitivity of cancer imaging and to amplify the distinction between cancerous and healthy tissues. Moreover, these nanomaterials can effectively combat a wide spectrum of cancers through various methods, including drug delivery, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), biocatalytic therapy, ion interference therapy (IIT), and immunotherapy. Currently, there is still a need for a comprehensive summary on the metal-based nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we present a systematic and complete overview of action mechanisms and the applications of metal-based nanomaterials in cancer theranostics. A summary of common strategies for synthesizing and modifying metal-based nanomedicines is presented, and their biosafety is analyzed. Then, the latest developments in their applications for cancer imaging and anticancer treatment are provided. Finally, the key technical challenges and reasonable perspectives of metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics in clinical applications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":22.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound initiated tumor catalytic PANoptosis by mesoporous piezoelectric nanocatalysts.","authors":"Xuan-Shou Xu, Wei-Wei Ren, Heng Zhang, Dong-Liang Huo, Qi Lyu, Mei-Xiao Zhan, Hui-Xiong Xu, Li-Ying Wang, Min-Feng Huo, Jian-Lin Shi","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00629-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-025-00629-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>PANoptosis has been identified as a robust inflammatory cell death pathway triggered upon host defense against invaded pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, however, pathogen-free tumor PANoptosis has not been achieved yet. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capable of inducing robust and diverse cell death pathways such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis are supposed to be the potential triggers for tumor PANoptosis by ultrasound (US)-controlled sono-piezodynamic therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>S-nitrosothiols (SNO)-zinc peroxide (ZnO₂)@cyclic dinucleotide (CDN)@mesoporous tetragonal barium titanate (mtBTO) nanoparticles (NZCB NPs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method with subsequent annealing, in situ growth, and finally surface functionalization. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance were used for materials characterizations. Murine melanoma B16 cells are employed to investigate the in vitro US-initiated tumor PANoptosis by NZCB NPs. In vivo US-initiated tumor PANoptosis was investigated on B16 tumor-bearing C57BL/6J mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A \"boiling-bubbling\" strategy is developed to endow the piezoelectric BTO nanocatalysts, with mesoporous architecture, which enables the encapsulation of the immune-agonist CDN (9.4 wt%) to initiate innate immunity of the host. Then, SNO-functionalized ZnO₂ was further employed to cap the mesoporous nanocatalysts, forming multifunctional piezocatalytic NZCB NPs. Under US irradiation, intracellular massive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as superoxide anion radicals, nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) could be produced from the piezoelectric NZCB NPs, which, synergized with CDN-triggered antitumoral immunity, lead to highly immunogenic tumor PANoptosis by NZCB NPs through the tumor microenvironment remodeling. Intratumoral injection of NZCB NPs leads to substantial tumor PANoptosis with immune potentiation, ultimately destroying the tumor xenografts effectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present work presents the mesostructure design of piezocatalytic nanomaterials and the crosstalk between oxidative stress and antitumor immunity within the tumor, facilitating promising tumor PANoptosis by nanocatalytic oxidation with high effectiveness and biocompatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":22.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating cartilage regeneration with DNA-SF hydrogel sustained release system-based cartilage organoids.","authors":"Cong-Yi Shen, Qi-Rong Zhou, Xiang Wu, Xin-Yu Han, Qin Zhang, Xiao Chen, Yu-Xiao Lai, Long Bai, Ying-Ying Jing, Jian-Hua Wang, Cheng-Long Wang, Zhen Geng, Jia-Can Su","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00625-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00625-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cartilage repair remains a considerable challenge in regenerative medicine. Despite extensive research on biomaterials for cartilage repair in recent years, issues such as prolonged repair cycles and suboptimal outcomes persist. Organoids, miniature three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures derived from the directed differentiation of stem or progenitor cells, mimic the structure and function of natural organs. Therefore, the construction of cartilage organoids (COs) holds great promise as a novel strategy for cartilage repair.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed a digital light processing system to perform 3D bioprinting of a DNA-silk fibroin (DNA-SF) hydrogel sustained-release system (DSRGT) with bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to construct millimeter-scale cerebral organoids. COs at different developmental stages were characterized, and the COs with the best cartilage phenotype were selected for in vivo cartilage repair in a rat articular cartilage defect model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study developed a DSRGT by covalently grafting glucosamine (which promotes cartilage matrix synthesis) and TD-198946 (which promotes chondrogenic differentiation) onto a hydrogel using acrylic acid-polyethylene glycol-N-hydroxysuccinimide (AC-PEG-NHS). In vitro, 4-week COs exhibited higher SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), type II collagen (Col II), and aggrecan (ACAN) expression and lower type I collagen (Col I) and type X collagen (Col X) expression, indicating that 4 weeks is the optimal culture duration for hyaline cartilage development. In vivo, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was upregulated in 4-week COs, enabling cartilage repair within 8 weeks. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that cartilage regenerated with 4-week COs presented gene expression profiles resembling those of healthy cartilage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study employs DSRGT to construct COs, providing an innovative strategy for the regeneration of cartilage defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":22.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in understanding tumor-resident bacteria and their application in cancer therapy.","authors":"Yi-Chen Luo, Xiu-Ting Huang, Rui Wang, Yu-Jing Lin, Jia-Xin Sun, Ke-Feng Li, De-Yun Wang, Yan Yan, Yong-Kang Qiao","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00623-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00623-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have driven growing interest in the distinct roles of intratumoral microbiota, particularly intracellular bacteria, during tumor evolution. These bacteria increase the likelihood of metastasis, play important roles in cancer progression, and impact therapy efficiency. The present review explores the sources, mechanisms of invasion into cancer cells, and potential survival strategies of intracellular bacteria in neoplasms, highlighting their critical role in cancer development. We also examine the heterogeneity and intricate interplay of intratumoral microbial communities with immune and cancer cells, emphasizing their potential roles in modulating host genetics, epigenetics, and immunity. Finally, we discuss novel approaches to targeting intracellular bacteria, particularly engineered drug delivery systems, and synthetic biology, which aim to enhance bacterial clearance, reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment, and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. As a result, this review provides new insights to guide future investigations and support the development of microbiota-based interventions in oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":22.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144718166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular BAG3 is elevated in early diffuse systemic sclerosis.","authors":"Paul Freedman, Margot De Marco, Alessandra Rosati, Liberato Marzullo, Nicoletta Del Papa, Maria Caterina Turco, Steven O'Reilly","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00628-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00628-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":22.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12285001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucocorticoids trigger muscle-liver crosstalk to attenuate acute liver injury and promote liver regeneration via the FGF6-FGFBP1 axis.","authors":"Yue-Jie Xu, Cai-Zhi Liu, Ying Chen, Lan-Xin Li, Bo Xu, Ling-Xin You, Mei-Yao Meng, Xin Li, Hong Zhang, Qiu-Rong Ding, Rong Zhang, Xin-Ran Ma, Xiao-Hua Chen, Cheng Hu","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00618-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00618-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute liver injury (ALI) requires rapid hepatic regeneration to avert fatal liver failure. As key mechanisms, systemic metabolic remodeling and inter-organ crosstalk are critical for this regenerative process. Skeletal muscle, as a major metabolic organ system, undergoes significant remodeling during ALI. However, its specific regulatory contributions remain largely uncharacterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Partial (2/3) hepatectomy and acetaminophen were used to induce ALI in male mice. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase assay, Western blotting, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry, and phase separation assays were performed to reveal the transcriptional axis involved. Serum fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (FGFBP1) protein levels in ALI patients were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Integrated analysis of RNA-seq and ATAC-seq following ALI identifies glucocorticoid (GC) signaling-mediated regulation of fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) in skeletal muscle metabolism. Muscle-specific knockdown of GC receptor (GR) exacerbates ALI and suppresses liver regeneration. Fgf6-knockout mice exhibited improved ALI and enhanced liver regeneration, with intramuscular injection of FGF6-neutralizing antibody rescuing the detrimental effects induced by GR knockdown. Further analysis of the FGF6 downstream target revealed that FGF6 regulates FGFBP1 expression through extracellular signal regulated kinase-activating transcription factor 3 signaling. Moreover, FGF6 regulates the heparin-dependent release kinetics of FGFBP1 by perturbing its liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)-driven condensate dynamics at the plasma membrane. Circulating FGFBP1 subsequently interacts with hepatic fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) through LLPS mechanisms to regulate liver regeneration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which muscle-liver crosstalk can initiate and sustain liver regeneration via the FGF6-FGFBP1/FGF5 axis, providing a potential therapeutic target and treatment strategy for ALI.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":16.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12278513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epileptic seizure biophysics: the role of local voltage difference.","authors":"Kui-Ying Yin, Tao Yu, Chuan Liu, Jin-Rong Yin","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00620-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00620-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to hyperexcitable neuronal network activity. The manifestations vary widely, ranging from subtle sensory disturbances to profound alterations of consciousness, depending on which brain regions are affected and their underlying etiology. Exploring the biophysical mechanisms of epileptic seizures holds significant for predicting and controlling the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 45 spontaneous seizures recorded from 24 patients with focal epilepsy, as well as stimulation-induced seizures from 2 additional patients. A second-order Butterworth low-pass filter isolated the slow-varying direct current (Sv DC) component (0.01-0.5 Hz), a frequency range often overlooked in electroencephalography. The energy ratio of the Sv DC component was calculated by dividing its total energy by the total signal energy during seizures and over a 1-hour period including the seizure, enabling comparison between ictal and interictal states.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Sv DC component exhibited spatially dynamic changes during both ictal and interictal periods and showed a moderate correlation with high-frequency activity. Moreover, it accounted for a high energy proportion in both periods, with seizure data showing that 80.82% of leads had ≥ 60% Sv DC energy. Notably, interictal Sv DC fluctuations were more pronounced in electrodes located within the epileptogenic zone, suggesting its potential as a marker for epileptogenic localization. Furthermore, the temporal variability of the Sv DC signal, reflected in its dispersion, demonstrates potential as an early indicator of seizure development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Sv DC component may reflect local voltage differences likely linked to ion channel activity, potentially contributing to seizure initiation. Combined analysis of Sv DC with low- and high-frequency components offers a comprehensive framework for understanding epileptic networks and guiding diagnosis and therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":16.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12247268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building \"walls\" to stop pathogens: neutrophils play a role in the repair of extracellular matrix.","authors":"Feng-Ying Liao, Zhen Wang, Jian-Xin Jiang, Ling Zeng","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00624-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00624-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":16.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of GPT-4 for automated prostate biopsy decision-making based on mpMRI: a multi-center evidence study.","authors":"Ming-Jun Shi, Zhi-Xiang Wang, Shuang-Kun Wang, Xuan-Hao Li, Yan-Lin Zhang, Ying Yan, Ran An, Li-Ning Dong, Lei Qiu, Tian Tian, Jia-Xin Liu, Hong-Chen Song, Ya-Fan Wang, Che Deng, Zi-Bing Cao, Hong-Yin Wang, Zheng Wang, Wei Wei, Jian Song, Jian Lu, Xuan Wei, Zhen-Chang Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00621-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00621-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has significantly advanced prostate cancer (PCa) detection, yet decisions on invasive biopsy with moderate prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) scores remain ambiguous.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To explore the decision-making capacity of Generative Pretrained Transformer-4 (GPT-4) for automated prostate biopsy recommendations, we included 2299 individuals who underwent prostate biopsy from 2018 to 2023 in 3 large medical centers, with available mpMRI before biopsy and documented clinical-histopathological records. GPT-4 generated structured reports with given prompts. The performance of GPT-4 was quantified using confusion matrices, and sensitivity, specificity, as well as area under the curve were calculated. Multiple artificial evaluation procedures were conducted. Wilcoxon's rank sum test, Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Utilizing the largest sample size in the Chinese population, patients with moderate PI-RADS scores (scores 3 and 4) accounted for 39.7% (912/2299), defined as the subset-of-interest (SOI). The detection rates of clinically significant PCa corresponding to PI-RADS scores 2-5 were 9.4, 27.3, 49.2, and 80.1%, respectively. Nearly 47.5% (433/912) of SOI patients were histopathologically proven to have undergone unnecessary prostate biopsies. With the assistance of GPT-4, 20.8% (190/912) of the SOI population could avoid unnecessary biopsies, and it performed even better [28.8% (118/410)] in the most heterogeneous subgroup of PI-RADS score 3. More than 90.0% of GPT-4 -generated reports were comprehensive and easy to understand, but less satisfied with the accuracy (82.8%). GPT-4 also demonstrated cognitive potential for handling complex problems. Additionally, the Chain of Thought method enabled us to better understand the decision-making logic behind GPT-4. Eventually, we developed a ProstAIGuide platform to facilitate accessibility for both doctors and patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This multi-center study highlights the clinical utility of GPT-4 for prostate biopsy decision-making and advances our understanding of the latest artificial intelligence implementation in various medical scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":22.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12232764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"γ neuromodulations: unraveling biomarkers for neurological and psychiatric disorders.","authors":"Zhong-Peng Dai, Qiang Wen, Ping Wu, Yan-Ni Zhang, Cai-Lian Fang, Meng-Yuan Dai, Hong-Liang Zhou, Huan Wang, Hao Tang, Si-Qi Zhang, Xiao-Kun Li, Jian-Song Ji, Liu-Xi Chu, Zhou-Guang Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40779-025-00619-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40779-025-00619-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>γ neuromodulation has emerged as a promising strategy for addressing neurological and psychiatric disorders, particularly in regulating executive and cognitive functions. This review explores the latest neuromodulation techniques, focusing on the critical role of γ oscillations in various brain disorders. Direct γ neuromodulation induces γ-frequency oscillations to synchronize disrupted brain networks, while indirect methods influence γ oscillations by modulating cortical excitability. We investigate how monitoring dynamic features of γ oscillations allows for detailed evaluations of neuromodulation effectiveness. By targeting γ oscillatory patterns and restoring healthy cross-frequency coupling, interventions may alleviate cognitive and behavioral symptoms linked to disrupted communication. This review examines clinical applications of γ neuromodulations, including enhancing cognitive function through 40 Hz multisensory stimulation in Alzheimer's disease, improving motor function in Parkinson's disease, controlling seizures in epilepsy, and modulating emotional dysfunctions in depression. Additionally, these neuromodulation strategies aim to regulate excitatory-inhibitory imbalances and restore γ synchrony across neurological and psychiatric disorders. The review highlights the potential of γ oscillations as biomarkers to boost restorative results in clinical applications of neuromodulation. Future studies might focus on integrating multimodal personalized protocols, artificial intelligence (AI) driven frameworks for neural decoding, and global multicenter collaborations to standardize and scale precision treatments across diverse disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18581,"journal":{"name":"Military Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":16.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12203730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}