{"title":"COVID-19 and International Law: The Continuing Importance of International Law Obligations during Public Emergencies","authors":"Celesté Jadine Moodley, Max du Plessis","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/9244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/9244","url":null,"abstract":"The current COVID-19 pandemic has brought with it a number of growing global concerns, apart from its more apparent impact on human lives, economies and health systems across the world. Particularly concerning is an increase in military response to the pandemic, employed by countries as a means of enforcing lockdown regulations and curbing the spread of the virus. This increase in state power, through countries’ armed forces, has seen alarming reports of alleged state abuses during both declared and de facto public emergencies, with alleged abuses ranging from more palpable assaults on human rights to the less obvious. In light of this complexity, this comment reflects on the importance of local responses to COVID-19 in upholding global human rights and humanitarian standards, as a guide to state responses to the pandemic. It does so by highlighting prominent examples from current global affairs, with at least two from South Africa, and extrapolating critical lessons using an international law perspective. The comment aims to serve as a reminder of the importance of human rights in times of crisis, both for South Africa and the world at large. ","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116940324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who Owns the Kurils? The Question of Territorial Sovereignty Arising from the Kuril Islands Dispute","authors":"Jonathan Geach","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/7491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/7491","url":null,"abstract":"The Kuril Islands are a group of volcanic islands that stretch between Hokkaido in Japan and Kamchatka in Russia. They are the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute between Russia and Japan, which is largely rooted in historical developments which took place during the closing chapters of the Second World War. There are several legal questions which arise from the dispute between Russia and Japan pertaining to the establishment of territorial sovereignty. These questions are whether a term within the Yalta Conference Agreement lawfully gave a right to the USSR to the sovereign territory of Japan, in the absence of Japanese consent. Whether the USSR had violated international law by annexing the Kuril Islands. Whether Japan still had a lawful claim to the Kuril Islands after the conclusion of the Treaty of San-Francisco, and whether the islands claimed by Japan do indeed form part of the Kuril Islands. This article analyses each of these questions in order to determine whether sovereignty has in fact been lawfully established by Russia over the Kuril Islands and whether Japanese territorial claims have any merit in international law.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122479967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Structuralist Approach to the ICC/AU Conflict over the Immunity of Al-Bashir","authors":"Isabeau Steytler","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/9088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/9088","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2009 and 2019, a conflict emerged between the African Union and the International Criminal Court (ICC) over whether the then-incumbent President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, enjoyed immunity from arrest. The African Union maintained that Al-Bashir, as a head of state, continued to enjoy immunity from arrest, while the ICC in a number of judgments found that Al-Bashir’s immunity had been extinguished and he must therefore be arrested. Each organisation relied on conflicting interpretations of international law in order to support their respective positions. In this article, I examine these conflicting interpretations according to Martti Koskenniemi’s structuralist approach to international law, particularly in respect of his work on the indeterminacy of international law and the structural biases of international institutions. In doing so, I aim to produce a deepened understanding of the conflict, as well as an institutional critique of both organisations.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123224825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Re-assessing the (Continued) Need for UN Security Council Authorisation of Regional Enforcement Action: The African Union Twenty Years On","authors":"M. Svicevic","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/7657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/7657","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the broad and varying spectrum of literature covering questions concerning the necessity of the United Nations Security Council’s authorisation of regional enforcement action. It has been well documented by now that the UNSC may, in fact, authorise the use of force (regional enforcement action) by regional organisations under Article 53 of the UN Charter. At the same time, some regional organisations, most notably the African Union, have developed their own legal regimes governing the use of force. The African Union’s constitutive instruments provide for the unilateral use of force without the need for UNSC authorisation. Even so, after twenty years it has yet to rely on its security framework for any unilateral use of force. This article examines these developments within the AU context and questions whether, scholarship and practice in mind, UNSC authorisation of regional enforcement action remains a requirement.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131335338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The African Approach to the Principle of Complementarity of the International Criminal Court: A Potential Gem or Germ?","authors":"Emma Maphosa","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/7810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/7810","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an analysis of existing and emerging African views that reflect and/or seek to develop the principle of complementarity of the International Criminal Court. The broad consensus on the African continent is that the principle of complementarity must be applied timeously within context and subjected to state discretion. It is argued that, despite the continent’s obvious shortcomings in confronting impunity, its proposed strategic pillars for complementarity require attention. These came at an opportune time, as there is controversy about the interpretation of the proper application of the principle of complementarity. The International Criminal Court is being accused of unwarranted intervention in national affairs. The rapport between the International Criminal Court and certain African states has deteriorated over the last decade, raising fears that an unacceptable interregnum in the prosecution of international crimes may occur. In this regard, the article discusses African efforts that may assist the International Criminal Court from further losing credibility and visibility in Africa. The article further asserts that international criminal justice in Africa is a regional, rather than a national issue, although regional positions will further the implementation at national level. Therefore, African states are exploring regional perspectives to safeguard ownership and incorporate regional involvement in international criminal justice.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123218525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Work of the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly in 2018 and 2019","authors":"Arnold N. Pronto","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/7681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/7681","url":null,"abstract":"The present instalment is the next in a series of articles reviewing the activities of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the General assembly, since 2011.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130428084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Enigmatic Principle of Complementarity: A Negotiated Machinery for Implementing International Criminal Law","authors":"Noluthando P Ncame","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/6909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/6909","url":null,"abstract":"The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first court of its kind—a permanent international criminal tribunal. It has introduced a new kind of jurisdictional principle, namely the principle of complementarity. However, the idea of a forum exercising jurisdiction over transgressors of rules of international criminal law did not emerge with the ICC and can be traced back to the Nuremberg Tribunal. When the idea to establish a permanent international criminal court came about, it was apparent that the doctrine of state sovereignty and the territoriality principle would be the biggest hurdles that would have to be overcome. Complementarity would prove to be the solution that was agreed upon.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122237806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards ‘Free, Prior, Informed Consent’ in Natural Resource Development Projects","authors":"Dayo Ayoade","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/7292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/7292","url":null,"abstract":"Global demand for natural resources has pushed development projects into increasingly remote areas that are usually occupied by indigenous people. These communities are highly dependent on the natural environment for their survival, culture, and identity with a historically poor relationship with governments. Thus, the concept of Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) has arisen as a right of indigenous people to self-determination under international law. Articulated in a variety of soft and hard-law instruments, FPIC has been outlined by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 2007 which essentially requires that indigenous people have the right to accept or reject natural resources developments that affect them, their land or territories. This has not been fully accepted by governments. Hence, this article investigates the application of this emergent concept to natural resources developments; and comes to the view that FPIC is still in a state of flux but is nevertheless critical to resource development stakeholders. The article concludes that FPIC is here to stay and governments need to update national laws to accommodate this important concept.","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127588003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"International Law and New Wars by Christine Chinkin and Mary Kaldor","authors":"André Stemmet","doi":"10.25159/2521-2583/7332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/7332","url":null,"abstract":"Book review","PeriodicalId":185651,"journal":{"name":"South African Yearbook of International Law","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122587724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}