Metrologia最新文献

{"title":"Supplementary comparison of the measurement of current transformers (CTs)","authors":"A A Akhmeev, E V Voronskay, V N Kikalo, E V Melkumyan, O Dzhasinbekov, G Gantumur, D M Volozhinskii","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/01006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/01006","url":null,"abstract":"<title>Main text</title>The purpose of conducting comparison COOMET.EM-S22 of reference measuring systems of the AC current ratio of national metrological institutes (NMIs) is to determine the degree of consistency of national standards among themselves in the participating countries.Six NMIs participated in the supplementary comparison COOMET.EM-S22. Affiliated Branch of D I Mendeleev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM-UNIIM), Russian Federation, acted as the coordinating laboratory of the comparison.The comparisons were carried out by comparing the measurement results of the characteristics of measuring current transformers (CTs), namely, the units of the coefficient and the angle of the scale conversion of the sinusoidal current at a frequency of 50 Hz.To reach the main text of this paper, click on <ext-link xlink:href=\"https://www.bipm.org/documents/d/guest/coomet-em-s22\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Final Report</ext-link>. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database <ext-link xlink:href=\"https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/</ext-link>.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum plasmonic sensing by Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometry","authors":"Seungjin Yoon, Yu Sung Choi, Mark Tame, Jae Woong Yoon, Sergey V Polyakov and Changhyoup Lee","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad61ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad61ea","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a quantum plasmonic sensor using Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interferometry that measures the refractive index of an analyte, embedded in a plasmonic beam splitter composed of a dual-Kretschmann configuration, which serves as a frustrated total internal reflection beamsplitter (BS). The sensing performance of the HOM interferometry, combined with single-photon detectors, is evaluated through Fisher information for estimation of the refractive index of the analyte. This is subsequently compared with the classical benchmark that considers the injection of a coherent state of light into the plasmonic BS. By varying the wavelength of the single photons and the refractive index of the analyte, we identify a wide range where a 50% quantum enhancement is achieved and discuss the observed behaviors in comparison with the classical benchmark. We expect this study to provide a useful insight into the advancement of quantum-enhanced sensing technologies, with direct implications for a wide range of nanophotonic BS structures.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141774243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter case pairs for SI prefix symbols","authors":"Richard J C Brown","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad6324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad6324","url":null,"abstract":"This letter considers the potential for confusion in the presentation and interpretation of measurement results caused by the existence of upper- and lower-case letter pairs for SI prefix symbols, an example of this being the newest prefix symbols Q & q and R & r, adopted at the 27th Meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in November 2022. The requirements of digitalisation and machine readability, when making choices for new unit and prefix symbols, are also examined.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141774244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speed of sound measurements and derived third and fourth acoustic virial coefficients of supercritical neon","authors":"Tobias Dietl, Ahmed El Hawary, Roberto M Gavioso, Robert Hellmann and Karsten Meier","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad58e6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad58e6","url":null,"abstract":"We report comprehensive and accurate measurements of the speed of sound in neon. These measurements were carried out by a double-path-length pulse-echo technique and cover the temperature range between 200 K and 420 K with pressures up to 100 MPa. The standard uncertainties are 1.9 mK in temperature, 22 parts in 106 in pressure and 35 parts in 106 in speed of sound. The third and fourth acoustic virial coefficients of neon were derived from the speed of sound data in the temperature range of the measurements by fitting a fourth-order acoustic virial expansion in pressure with the second acoustic virial coefficient constrained from first-principles calculations. To support our claimed uncertainty, we determined the ratio between the molar mass M and the ideal-gas heat capacity ratio of the neon sample with a relative standard uncertainty of 7.7 parts in 106 by additional speed of sound measurements using a spherical resonator at 273.16 K.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion on the calculation of the uncertainties of [UTC-UTC(k)]","authors":"G Petit and G Panfilo","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad59ac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad59ac","url":null,"abstract":"Coordinated universal Time UTC is the reference timescale generated by the BIPM and is made available through the published values [UTC–UTC(k)]. In a previous paper, Panfilo et al (2020 Metrologia57 065011) we examined the calculation of the uncertainties of [UTC–UTC(k)] and proposed some evolution to the current procedure. We here complete and clarify two main issues related to this calculation that have appeared in discussions and publications following our previous paper. We state (i) that the systematic uncertainty for a specific laboratory UTC(k) is not affected by biases from other laboratories and (ii) that the uncertainties of [UTC–UTC(k)] only depend on the input covariance of the epoch. We highlight the role of UTC and of the uncertainties of [UTC–UTC(k)]. Based on the present computation algorithm ALGOS, we detail internal procedures of the BIPM Time Department implementing the algorithm to ensure the continuity of UTC when changes occur e.g. a new laboratory entering UTC or a new calibration introduced in a specific receiver/time link.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexures for Kibble balances: minimizing the effects of anelastic relaxation","authors":"Lorenz Keck, Stephan Schlamminger, René Theska, Frank Seifert and Darine Haddad","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad57cb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad57cb","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the anelastic aftereffect of a flexure being used in a Kibble balance, where the flexure is subjected to a large excursion in velocity mode after which a high-precision force comparison is performed. We investigated the effect of a constant and a sinusoidal excursion on the force comparison. We explored theoretically and experimentally a simple erasing procedure, i.e. bending the flexure in the opposite direction for a given amplitude and time. We found that the erasing procedure reduced the time-dependent force by about 30%. The investigation was performed with an analytical model and verified experimentally with our new Kibble balance at the National Institute of Standards and Technology employing flexures made from precipitation-hardened Copper Beryllium alloy C17200. Our experimental determination of the modulus defect of the flexure yields . This result is about a factor of two higher than previously reported from experiments. We additionally found a static shift of the flexure’s internal equilibrium after a change in the stress and strain state. These static shifts, although measurable, are small and deemed uncritical for our Kibble balance application at present. During this investigation, we discovered magic flexures that promise to have very little anelastic relaxation. In these magic flexures, the mechanism causing anelastic relaxation is compensated for by properly shaping and loading a flexure with a non-constant cross-section in the region of bending.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141549490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power of a test for assessing interlaboratory consensus of nominal and ordinal characteristics of a substance, material, or object","authors":"Tamar Gadrich, Yariv N Marmor, Francesca R Pennecchi, D Brynn Hibbert, Anastasia A Semenova and Ilya Kuselman","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad5846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad5846","url":null,"abstract":"A concept of the consensus among different laboratories participating in an interlaboratory comparison, classifying a substance, material, or object according to its nominal and ordinal (i.e. categorical) characteristics, is devised using decomposition of the total variation of the laboratory responses. One of the components of the total variation is caused by the between-laboratory differences, and the second—by conditions associated with the applied experimental design (for example, temperature of test items, technician experience, etc). This decomposition is based on the recently developed two-way CATANOVA for nominal variables and two-way ORDANOVA for ordinal variables. The consensus is tested as hypotheses about homogeneity, i.e. insignificance of the corresponding components of the total variation. The consensus power is taken to be the power of the homogeneity test. A methodology for evaluation of the consensus power and corresponding risks of false decisions versus the dataset size of categorical characteristics obtained in an interlaboratory comparison is detailed. Examples of evaluation of the power and risks are discussed using previously-published datasets of an interlaboratory comparison of identification of weld imperfections, and an examination of the intensity of the odor of drinking water. An example of computer code in the R programming environment is presented for the power calculations in the case of nominal variables, using a chi-square distribution. A newly developed tool for ordinal variables, an Excel spreadsheet with macros, which is based on Monte Carlo draws from a multinomial distribution, is also available.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Report on EURAMET supplementary comparison on measurement of a 1 mm stage micrometer","authors":"M Matus, M del Mar Pérez, E Prieto, A Germak, D Czułek, P Sosinowski, A Duță, E Dugheanu, S Zelenika, M Äremann, B Ozgur, M Asar, P Greeff, K Manana, S Sun, J Buajarern, D A Brasil, B Gastaldi and G Zechner","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/04003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/04003","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the EURAMET supplementary comparison on the calibration of a 1 mm stage micrometer are reported. 13 NMIs from 4 RMOs participated in the comparison. Originally, the comparison was planned to use a single artefact. Because it was destroyed during the duration of the comparison, it was necessary to carry out the test in two loops using a new artefact. Artefact circulation started in August 2020 and was completed in September 2022. Both artefacts were the same make and kind. The two artefacts are standard stage micrometers as used in optical microscopy on a transparent, low thermal expansion substrate. The scale length is 1 mm divided in 100 parts. The distances of all 100 scale marks from the zero mark have been measured by each participant. The results with associated uncertainties of all participating NMIs were in good agreement. All En values were smaller than 1 already from the pre-draft A state on. Therefore, no separate analysis of a largest consistent subset was necessary. With 1400 values without a single outlier, it is tempting to assume that uncertainty contributions are somehow overestimated. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum: Corrections to a proposal for three categories of units within the SI (2024 Metrologia 61 033001)","authors":"John Lehman, Alan Migdall, Julia Scherschligt and Lorne Whitehead","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad57cc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad57cc","url":null,"abstract":"In this corrigendum, we correct several typographical or typesetting errors and small but meaningful errors in tables 1, A.1 and A.3 found in the original manuscript. We emphasize as a correction that the Avogadro constant is not a dimensionless number. The corrections are placed according to the original organization: section 2, references, and appendix.","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CCQM-K160: Platinum Group Elements in Automotive Catalyst","authors":"Sarah Hill, Heidi Goenaga Infante, John Entwisle, Stanislav Strekopytov, Christian Ward-Deitrich, Simon Cowen, Olaf Rienitz, Anita Roethke, Volker Goerlitz, Ursula Schulz, Carola Pape, Jochen Vogl, Maren Koenig, Radojko Jacimovic, Paola Fisicaro, Tongxiang Ren, Song Wang, Panshu Song, Haifeng Li, Maré Linsky, Egor Sobina, Hernán Ezequiel Lozano, Mabel Puelles, Randa Yamani and Conny Haraldsson","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/08011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/61/1a/08011","url":null,"abstract":"The platinum group elements (PGEs) play an important role in reducing emissions from automotive vehicles through their use in catalytic convertors but also for catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry. The immense economic value of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) highlights the importance of highly accurate measurements. Therefore, there is a need for National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) to demonstrate measurement capability in this space. A pilot comparison (CCQM-P63) for precious metals in automotive catalyst took place in 2006, but with a limited number of institutes participating. Furthermore, this study was performed over 17 years ago. Therefore, there was a need to maintain existing capability and demonstrate new capability in a key comparison, in order to claim calibration and measurement capability claims (CMCs). With the core capability matrix, this study falls into the \"Difficult to dissolve metals/metal oxides\" which will support CMC categories 8 (Metal and metal alloys), 9 (Advanced materials) and 14 (Other materials). Eleven NMIs and DIs participated in the Key Comparison CCQM-K160 Platinum Group Elements in Automotive Catalyst. Participants were requested to evaluate the mass fractions of Pt, Pd and Rh in mg/kg in an unused autocatalyst material (cordierite ceramic base). The Key Comparison Reference Values (KCRVs) and Degrees of Equivalence (DoEs) were calculated utilising the NIST Decision Tree for the measurands. The participants utilised a number of sample preparation and analytical methods including hot plate digestion, microwave digestion and sodium fusion, followed by either atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Several calibration techniques were used, namely external calibration, standard addition, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and an exact matching procedure. Additionally, one participant employed instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) with k0 standardisation which is a direct solid analysis method. The majority of participants claimed traceability to NIST primary calibrants or their own CRMs. Furthermore, several matrix CRMs were included or spiked samples for quality control. All institutes were required to determine the dry mass fraction using the stipulated protocol. The NIST decision tree was implemented for the calculation of the KCRVs and DoEs. The participant results overall showed good agreement with the KCRV, despite the variety of dissolution procedures and measurement techniques for this highly complex matrix and challenging measurands. Successful participation in CCQM-K160 demonstrated measurement capabilities for the determination of mass fraction of Pt, Pd and Rh in the mg/kg range and will support broad scope CMC claims for a wide range of challenging matrices. To reach the main text of this paper, click on ","PeriodicalId":18444,"journal":{"name":"Metrologia","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141549502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}