{"title":"Ho’s China Connection","authors":"Xiaobing Li","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvkjb352.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkjb352.7","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 details how Ho made China his revolutionary base from World War II to the French Indochina War. The Vietnamese and Chinese shared a common heritage and anticolonial experiences for more than a hundred years. The background narrative extends beyond the diplomatic activities and historical events between China and Vietnam and views their nationalist independence movements and Communist revolutions as an intertwined history, not as isolated or parallel phenomena. East Asia’s countries and peoples participated in the global Cold War of 1946–1991 for their own historical reasons in some specific ways that served their own political agenda, met their economic programs and security needs, and created their own development models. This chapter places Vietnam and China at center stage for exploring the anticolonial movements and transnationalism in East and Southeast Asia from 1800 to 1949 rather than treating them primarily as subordinate or dependent actors in a larger historical drama. As a result, by the early twentieth century, all of these areas saw the rise of new kinds of nationalism and Communism, which were adjusting to military confrontations with the West.","PeriodicalId":178954,"journal":{"name":"Building Ho's Army","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124452566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infantry Rearmament, Training, and Operations","authors":"Xiaobing Li","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvkjb352.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkjb352.9","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 looks into how the PLA established and trained the first three regular divisions, the 304th, 308th, and 312th Divisions, for the Viet Minh in China in 1950. The PLA also opened two officer academies; four communication, technology, and mechanic schools; three driving schools; two medical training centers; and six language institutes in 1951 for the Vietnam Minh. By 1952, the Chinese had provided military, technology, and professional training for 25,000 Vietnamese officers, soldiers, engineers, technicians, and medical staff in China. In August, when the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) arrived, more than 450 Chinese advisors worked with the PAVN commanders at the high command, division, regiment, and battalion levels. The PLA advisors taught the Vietnamese their successful tactics from the Chinese Civil War. They developed tactics for mobile operations and designed surprise attacks to outnumber the enemy whenever the situation permitted, in order to wipe out entire enemy units instead of simply repelling them. Chinese training, rearmament, and advisory assistance were intended to improve PAVN combat abilities in order to achieve victory by using annihilation tactics. When the PAVN launched the Border Campaign at Cao Bang in September-October 1950, they defeated the French near Cao Bang, opening transportation lines for Chinese aid.","PeriodicalId":178954,"journal":{"name":"Building Ho's Army","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125025880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postwar Transformation and New Geopolitics","authors":"Xiaobing Li","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvkjb352.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkjb352.13","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 explains Mao’s Cold War theory, in which a clash between China and the United States would inevitably occur sooner or later. The Chinese military should thus have its priorities and preparations established prior to this inevitable conflict. After the Indochina Settlement was signed at Geneva in July 1954, China continued to provide weaponry, equipment, and military training to North Vietnam. This chapter points out that, in June 1965, China began to send its troops to the Vietnam War. Between 1965 and 1968, China sent twenty-three divisions to Vietnam, including ninety-five regiments, totaling some 320,000 troops. Beginning in 1968, China also sent 110,000 troops to Laos to provide air defense, construct and repair highways, and maintain transportation and communication along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Nevertheless, the Vietnam War seriously tested the limits of the Communist alliance. Rather than improving Sino-Soviet relations, aid to North Vietnam created a new competition as each superpower attempted to control Southeast Asian Communist movements.","PeriodicalId":178954,"journal":{"name":"Building Ho's Army","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129270592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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