ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)最新文献_第3页

Strategic Subsidies for Green Goods 绿色产品的战略性补贴

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2016-04-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2771025

C. Fischer

{"title":"Strategic Subsidies for Green Goods","authors":"C. Fischer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2771025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2771025","url":null,"abstract":"Globally and locally, government support policies for green goods (like renewable energy) are much more popular internationally than raising the cost of bads (as through carbon taxes). These support policies may encourage downstream consumption (renewable energy deployment) or upstream development and manufacturing of those technologies. The use of subsidies — particularly upstream ones — is disciplined by World Trade Organization agreements, and its subsidies code lacks exceptions for transboundary externalities such as human health or resource conservation, including those related to combating global climate change. The strategic trade literature has devoted little attention to the range of market failures related to green goods. This paper considers the market for a new environmental good that when consumed downstream may provide external benefits such as reduced emissions. The technology is traded internationally but provided by a limited set of upstream suppliers that may operate in imperfect markets, such as with market power or external scale economies. We examine the national incentives and global rationales for offering production and consumption subsidies in producer countries, allowing that some of the downstream market may lie in nonregulating third-party countries. Although technology producer countries can benefit from restraints on upstream subsidies, global welfare is higher without them, and market failures imply that optimal subsidies are even higher. We supplement the analysis with numerical simulations of the case of renewable energy, exploring optimal subsidies for the major renewable energy producing and consuming regions and the cost of restrictions on upstream subsidies.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

The Environmental Cost of Global Fuel Subsidies 全球燃料补贴的环境成本

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2016-03-01 DOI: 10.5547/01956574.38.SI1.LDAV

Lucas W. Davis

引用次数: 35

Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions by an Inter-Temporal Policy Mix: An Experimental Investigation 跨期政策组合调控温室气体排放的实验研究

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2015-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3243540

T. Ancev, Rimvydas Baltaduonis, Elizabeth Bernold

{"title":"Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions by an Inter-Temporal Policy Mix: An Experimental Investigation","authors":"T. Ancev, Rimvydas Baltaduonis, Elizabeth Bernold","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3243540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3243540","url":null,"abstract":"Incentive-based policies, such as emissions taxes and emissions permit trading schemes, are increasingly used to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in many jurisdictions around the world. Taxes impose a fixed price on emissions, whereas under tradable permit schemes prices emerge in the secondary permit market. The delayed price discovery under tradable permit schemes creates uncertainty about the future cost of compliance that liable emitters will face. To mitigate this uncertainty, some jurisdictions, including Australia, have designed policies to regulate GHG emissions that commence with an emissions tax that is in force for several years, subsequently transforming into a tradable permit scheme. This paper examines the effects that this type of staged transition – from no regulation to a regulation by an emissions tax, to a regulation by tradable permits – has on several criteria of interest: abatement investment, quantity of emissions, permit prices and overall regulation efficiency. The effects of the regulation that employs an intertemporal mix of policy instruments are compared to the effects observable under regulation using single policy instrument: a tax only, and a tradable permit only regulation. Economics experiments in a laboratory were used to study economic behaviour under these three types of regulation. The findings suggest that a regulation based on a staged transition from a tax to a tradable permit scheme results in more socially desirable outcomes on a range of criteria when compared to a regulation based solely on tradable permits.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129480178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Unitary Taxation in the Extractive Industry Sector 采掘业部门的单一税收

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2015-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2634008

Erika Siu, S. Picciotto, J. Mintz, A. Sawyerr

引用次数: 7

Designing Fiscal Policy to Address the External Costs of Energy 设计财政政策以解决能源的外部成本

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000065

I. Parry

引用次数: 12

Rig Services and Taxation 钻井平台服务和税收

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-09-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2506552

Petter Osmundsen

引用次数: 0

Cournot Competition and 'Green' Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship 古诺竞争与“绿色”创新:倒u型关系

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-06-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2458843

L. Lambertini, Joanna Poyago-Theotoky, A. Tampieri

引用次数: 75

Vertical Fiscal Externalities and the Environment 纵向财政外部性与环境

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-06-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2519170

Christoph Böhringer, N. Rivers, H. Yonezawa

引用次数: 55

Reforming Vehicle Taxes on New Car Purchases Can Reduce Road Transport Emissions -- Ex Post Evidence. 改革购车税可以减少道路交通排放——事后证据。

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-02-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2479142

Anna Mortimore

{"title":"Reforming Vehicle Taxes on New Car Purchases Can Reduce Road Transport Emissions -- Ex Post Evidence.","authors":"Anna Mortimore","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2479142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2479142","url":null,"abstract":"Australia is falling behind the international trend towards low carbon transport to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For instance, in 2012 the Australian Government forecasts that road transport emissions will continue to increase to 2020 and then slow to 2030 because of higher oil prices and the introduction of mandatory CO2 emissions standards. The forecast assumes vehicle efficiencies of petrol and diesel engines will improve, and there will be a gradual shift to alternative technologies. However, in 2007 the European Union found that while advances in vehicle technology had delivered most of the carbon reductions, these advances were offset by new cars that had become significantly more powerful, larger, and heavier. This is the case in Australia. The paper shows how Australia can accelerate the uptake of low carbon technology through reforming existing vehicle taxes into an environmental related tax. The reform will require basing the tax on CO2 emissions from previously being based on the vehicles technical characteristics such as cylinder capacity, engine size and fuel type. The literature supports the reform of vehicle taxes into an environmental tax, which was found to be a powerful instrument in influencing the purchase decisions of consumers. Specifically, the paper examines the literature and reviews the ex post evidence on the successful reform of vehicles taxes. In the case study of Ireland, it was found that the reformed vehicle taxes based on CO2 emissions provided a strong price signal, and consumer response was greater than anticipated. As a result, Ireland's ambitious targets in reducing its GHG emissions were met. The paper provides evidence to Australia's policy makers, consultants and car manufacturers that reforming existing vehicle taxes into an environmental related tax is an effective measure in transitioning Australia into a low carbon transport and reducing road transport emissions.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134541982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Permit Trading Program for Carbon Dioxide (Cap and Trade) 二氧化碳许可交易计划(限额与交易)

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-02-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3895113

D. Fullerton, Daniel H. Karney

{"title":"A Permit Trading Program for Carbon Dioxide (Cap and Trade)","authors":"D. Fullerton, Daniel H. Karney","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3895113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3895113","url":null,"abstract":"Illinois is faced with seemingly insurmountable fiscal problems. Public pensions are still not out of the woods. Bills aren’t getting paid on time. The state’s credit rating is in the dungeon. Ideas for curing the state’s fiscal illness are many, and nearly every one of them predictably includes the need to raise more money, reduce spending, or a combination of both. One way to raise more money would be to “tax waste, not work” by creating a cap-and-trade policy for greenhouse gases (GHG). We explore that option here. A cap-and-trade program has the potential to raise significant revenue because almost half of the electricity generated in Illinois comes from coal-fired power plants (see Figure 1). We calculate that permit auctions could raise $1 billion to $4 billion per year, with a reasonable estimate of $2 billion in the initial years. Figure 2 shows that this $2 billion would balance the budget in FY2015, and fill almost half of the projected deficits for fiscal years 2016-2018. Illinois has a significant fiscal crisis, with projections for multi-billion dollar budget deficits. Yet, a reasonable cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions could significantly reduce future deficits. Specifically, under a program similar to California’s AB-32, a full auction protocol could raise $2 billion annually in the initial years of a cap-and-trade program. Most of the economic burden of the program would fall on stockholders of the covered industries, and most of those stockholders live outside Illinois. In addition, Illinois businesses could gain experience operating in a GHG-limited environment ahead of possible future federal limits. Illinois researchers could invent patentable technologies that other states and countries would want in their later efforts to reduce GHGs. Implementing a revenue-raising cap-and-trade program mitigates the need to revoke the sunset provisions on the income and corporate tax rates or to increase the state’s sales tax.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115681290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0