LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Agents","authors":"D. Seng, Cheng Han Tan","doi":"10.1017/9781108164085.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108164085.002","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing sophistication of AI and machine learning as implemented in electronic agents, arguments have been made to ascribe to such agents personality rights so that they may be treated as agents in the law. The recent decision by the Australian Federal Court in Thaler to characterize the artificial neural network system DABUS as an inventor represents a possible shift in judicial thinking that electronic agents are not just automatic but also autonomous. In addition, this legal recognition has been urged on the grounds that it is only by constituting the electronic agents as legal agents that their human principals may be bound by the agent’s actions and activities, and that a proper foundation of legal liability may be mounted against the human principal for the agent’s misfeasance. This paper argues otherwise. It contends that no matter how sophisticated current electronic agents may be, they are still examples of Weak AI, exhibit no true autonomy, and cannot be constituted as legal personalities. In addition, their characterization as legal agents is unnecessary because their actions (and misapplications) can be legally addressed by the under-appreciated instrumentality principle. By treating the electronic agents as instruments or extensions of the acts of the human principal, issues in contract and tort law can be readily resolved. This essay concludes that until a Strong AI application can be demonstrated, the issue of legal agency of electronic agents ought not to detain the development of technology and of the law in this space.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115085291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Default Rules: Theoretical Foundations","authors":"E. Zamir","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3829366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3829366","url":null,"abstract":"This Handbook chapter critically reviews the contributions of several theoretical perspectives to the understanding and design of default rules in contract law—including autonomy-based theories, economic analysis, and social conceptions of contract law. It also notes the key challenges that face the theoretical analysis of default rules.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125024972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hashing Out Agreements: An Overview of 'Smart' Contracts under Canadian Law","authors":"Florian Martin-Bariteau, Marco Pontello","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3592986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592986","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain-based technologies are starting to permeate every aspect of the Canadian legal landscape. Blockchain is often solely associated with cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin; however, it has numerous applications beyond virtual currencies. Blockchain technology has the potential to provide numerous opportunities to those providing legal services, notably through smart contracts. However, some legal uncertainty remains with respect to smart contracts. The legality of smart contracts and their place of operation under Canadian law has yet to be researched. Potential risks for clients, as well as for lawyers—especially with respect to their ethical and professionalism duties—also need to be researched and highlighted. \u0000 \u0000This paper begins by providing an overview of smart contracts, including a brief history of the development of smart contracts, followed by a discussion of the underpinnings of blockchain-based applications, and a presentation of some use cases. After forming an understanding of smart contracts, the paper addresses the important technical and legal limitations that smart contracts face. Since blockchain-based smart contracts rely on blockchain technology and digitalization, this paper explains how smart contracts can only be as “smart” as its developer, and the computers running them. \u0000 \u0000This paper then transitions into a discussion of how the advent of cryptocurrencies and smart contracts relaunched decades-old debates about how society should regulate technology. Although we argue that legal frameworks must evolve with society, we will highlight that we do not need to rewrite or create new approaches to each technological innovation. \u0000 \u0000Subsequently, this paper provides an overview of smart contracts under Canadian contract law. As it currently stands, academics have not fully addressed the question of whether smart contracts conform to our traditional contract law framework. This paper will address the legal status and remaining questions regarding the legal status of smart contracts and the enforceability of smart contract performance. \u0000 \u0000While there may be many barriers to the adoption of any new technologies, legal uncertainty—and therefore legal risks for clients and lawyers—should not be one of them. The key findings below present an overview of the academic research on the key legal questions facing smart contracts in Canada. The key findings are followed by an overview of some of the preliminary use cases of smart contracts in the legal field.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127993750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Right to Justification of Contract","authors":"M. Hesselink","doi":"10.1111/raju.12287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/raju.12287","url":null,"abstract":"This paper defends a right to the justification of contract, with reciprocal and general reasons, and explores its main implications for the law of contract and its theory. It argues that the leading monist and essentialist contract theories, offering blueprints for an ideal contract law based on the alleged ultimate value or essential characteristic of contract law, cannot justify the basic structure of contract. Instead, it argues, a critical discourse theory of contract can contribute to the realisation of the right to justification of contract by exposing patterns of contractual injustice, in particular exploitation and domination by contract, that contract law can and should prevent.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122640086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Brexit' as a Frustrating Event and the Case of Canary Wharf v. European Medicine Agency","authors":"M. Kovač, Paul Aubrecht","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3575463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3575463","url":null,"abstract":"Lawyers and commercial contracting have been stressed by political uncertainty over the past four years. Brexit its uncertain outcome and the debate on the appropriate application of the frustration doctrine represent one of the most challenging issues for the current contract law scholarship and practitioners. This paper contributes to the extensive scholarly debate on whether the Brexit constitutes a frustration of purpose event in contracts by exploiting the findings of economic literature on the consequences of supervening events. Moreover, paper adds a novel conceptual framework for an improved legal intervention in case of supervening events where a court must decide whether a certain event classifies as a frustration of purpose and whether to discharge the promisor’s obligations. In addition, this paper offers a critical evaluation of the recent decision in Canary Wharf v European Medicines Agency.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127305121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart (Legal) Contracts, or: Which (Contract) Law for Smart Contracts?","authors":"Giesela Ruhl","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-52722-8_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52722-8_11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114976501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La remodelación del viaje combinado por Real Decreto-ley 23/2018, de 21 de diciembre (The Reorganisation of Package Travel by the Royal Decree-Law 23/2018, of 21 December)","authors":"Manuel Ángel De las Heras García","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3502807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502807","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> El legislador nacional ha sido incapaz de trasladar, en tiempo y forma, a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico ciertas directivas centrándose el presente artículo en la demorada e insólita incorporación de la Directiva 2015/2302 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de noviembre, relativa a los viajes combinados y a los servicios de viaje vinculados, por la que se modifican el Reglamento núm. 2006/2004 y la Directiva 2011/83/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo y por la que se deroga la anterior Directiva 90/314/CEE del Consejo, de 13 de junio de 1990, relativa a los viajes combinados, las vacaciones combinadas y los circuitos combinados. Su concreta transposición ha tenido lugar mediante el discutible cauce de un Real Decreto-ley de reciente convalidación (RDL 23/2018, de 21 de diciembre) tras diversos conatos fallidos y ante el temor de padecer la imposición de una sanción por parte de la Comisión Europea, previa incoación del correspondiente procedimiento formal de infracción. Este estudio pretende llevar a cabo un análisis crítico y clarificar algunos de los aspectos principales de la nueva reforma relativos a la transformación operada en la misma noción de viaje combinado, en particular, la integración de determinados conceptos como los servicios de viaje vinculados, sus eventuales exclusiones –establecidas o no en la actual normativa– y otros extremos de relevancia a la luz del mentado cuerpo legal y de los principales trabajos preparatorios que le anteceden.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The national legislators have been unable to transpose, in time and in form, certain directives to our body of law, specifically focussing current work on the delayed and unusual incorporation of Directive 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 25 November, concerning package travel and related travel services, through which Regulation no. 2006/2004 and Directive 2011/83/UE of the European Parliament and of the Council are modified and through which the previous Directive 90/314/CEE of the Council, of 13 June 1990 is abrogated, relating to package travel, package holidays and package tours. The specific transposition of the directives has been carried out via the questionable route of a recently validated Royal Decree-Law (RDL 23/2018, of 21 December) after various failed attempts and in consideration of the possibility of a fine being imposed by the European Commission prior to initiation of corresponding formal infringement proceedings. This study aims to carry out a critical analysis and to clarify of some of the new reform’s principal aspects relating to the change occurring in the sphere of package travel, particularly the integration of certain concepts such as related travel services, any possible exclusions – whether established or not in current regulations – and other relevant perspectives in view of the recognised body of law and its principal preceding groundwork.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121229136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The U.S.-China Trade Negotiation: A Contract Theory Perspective","authors":"A. Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3462241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3462241","url":null,"abstract":"International trade negotiations have traditionally been viewed as a two-level political bargain between trading nations and among domestic interest groups. While this bargaining model is helpful for predicting the political dynamics in trade negotiations, its focus on politics tends to obscure the economic consequences of trade agreements. Drawing upon insights from contract theory in economics, this Article analyzes three ingredients of transaction costs that lead to the incompleteness of a trade agreement — the unforeseen contingencies, cost of enforcing the contract and the cost of writing the agreement. Using the Sino-U.S. trade negotiation between 2018 to 2019 as a comprehensive case study, this Article illustrates the circumstances when a trade agreement is difficult to write, unlikely to succeed and impossible to enforce. As an alternative to a trade agreement, this Article advocates instead for greater economic integration as a commitment device. By allowing each country to hold the other’s assets hostage, economic integration can facilitate cooperation between nations when trust is lacking. This Article contributes to the existing literature by proposing an economic framework to analyze the promise and perils of trade negotiations. It also offers a cautionary tale of using economic sanction to force other countries to make legal concessions.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125882891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralized Commerce – A Primer on Why Decentralized Reputation Verification Systems Are Needed","authors":"Wulf A. Kaal","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3405401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3405401","url":null,"abstract":"Decentralized reputation verification systems enable mathematically rigid smart contracts to become more adjustable for the needs of business. Code is law principles can be upheld for smart contracts when reputation verification enables smart contract template verification. Validated templates of smart contracts increase trust for counterparties. The validation removes the need for costly back-testing and facilitates decentralized business transactions at unprecedented scale.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125161697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key Legal Issues Surrounding Smart Contract Applications","authors":"Pablo Sanz Bayón","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3525778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3525778","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to delve into some key legal issues surrounding Smart Contract applications. In the first and second parts, this paper defines the concept of Smart Contract and how it applies within the blockchain ecosystem. In the third part, this work exposes the functioning of this digital technology and the main advantage that it implies for solving the crucial issues of execution and breach of contracts. In the fourth section, this paper analyzes a set of problematic aspects that arise around Smart Contracts such as the scope and delimitation of them or the validity and certification of blockchain transactions. It also analyzes different issues related to the design of a legislative policy that addresses the design of a supranational and harmonized legal framework.","PeriodicalId":176792,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Contracts (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133526756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}