{"title":"Sporadic Multiprocessor Scheduling with Few Preemptions","authors":"Björn Andersson, K. Bletsas","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.9","url":null,"abstract":"Consider the problem of scheduling n sporadic tasks so as to meet deadlines on m identical processors. A task is characterised by its minimum interarrival time and its worst-case execution time. Tasks are preemptible and may migrate between processors. We propose an algorithm with limited migration, configurable for a utilisation bound of 88% with few preemptions (and arbitrarily close to 100% with more preemptions).","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123072140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Backlog Estimation and Management for Real-Time Data Services","authors":"K. Kang, Jisu Oh, Yan Zhou","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.11","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time data services can benefit data-intensive real-time applications, e.g., e-commerce, via timely transaction processing using fresh data, e.g., the current stock prices. To enhance the real-time data service quality, we present several novel techniques for (1) database backlog estimation, (2) fine-grained closed-loop admission control based on the backlog model, and (3) hint-based incoming load smoothing. Our backlog estimation and feedback control aim to support the desired service delay bound without degrading the data freshness critical for real-time data services. Workload smoothing, under overload, help the database admit and process more transactions in a timely manner by probabilistically reducing the burstiness of incoming data service requests. In terms of the data service delay and throughput, our feedback-based admission control and probabilistic load smoothing considerably outperform the baselines, which represent the current state of the art, in the experiments performed in a stock trading database testbed.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"12 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116788653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Lima, E. Camponogara, Ana Carolina Sokolonski
{"title":"Dynamic Reconfiguration for Adaptive Multiversion Real-Time Systems","authors":"George Lima, E. Camponogara, Ana Carolina Sokolonski","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.24","url":null,"abstract":"Modern real-time systems must be designed to be highly adaptable, reacting to aperiodic events in a predictable manner and exhibiting graceful degradation in overload scenarios whenever needed. In this context, it is useful to structure the system as a set of multiversion tasks. Task versions can be modeled to implement services with various levels of quality. In overload scenarios, for instance, a lower quality service may be scheduled for execution keeping the system correctness and providing graceful degradation. The goal of the reconfiguration mechanism is to select the versions of tasks that lead to the maximum benefit for the system at runtime. In this paper, we provide a schedulability condition based on which we derive an optimal pseudo-polynomial solution for this problem. Then, a faster approximation solution is described. Results from simulation indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115191440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hierarchical Scheduling Framework for Virtual Clustering of Multiprocessors","authors":"I. Shin, A. Easwaran, Insup Lee","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.28","url":null,"abstract":"Scheduling of sporadic task systems on multiprocessor platforms is an area which has received much attention in the recent past. It is widely believed that finding an optimal scheduler is hard, and therefore most studies have focused on developing algorithms with good utilization bounds. These algorithms can be broadly classified into two categories: partitioned scheduling in which tasks are statically assigned to individual processors, and globalscheduling in which each task is allowed to execute on any processor in the platform. In this paper we consider a third, more general, approach called cluster-based scheduling. In this approach each task is statically assigned to a processor cluster, tasks in each cluster areglobally scheduled among themselves, and clusters in turn are scheduled on the multiprocessor platform. We develop techniques to support such cluster-based scheduling algorithms, and also consider properties that minimize processor utilization of individual clusters. Since neither partitioned nor global strategies dominate over the other, cluster-based scheduling is a natural direction for research towards achieving improved utilization bounds.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124632840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Schedulability Analysis of Deferrable Scheduling Using Patterns","authors":"Song Han, Deji Chen, Ming Xiong, A. Mok","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.8","url":null,"abstract":"The schedulability testing for the deferrable scheduling algorithm for fixed priority transactions (DS-FP) remainsan open problem since its introduction. In this paper, wetake the first step towards investigating necessary and sufficient conditions for the DS-FP schedulability. We propose a necessary and sufficient schedulability condition for the algorithm in discrete time systems, and prove its correctness. Based on this condition, we propose a schedulability test algorithm that is more accurate than the existing test that is only based on a sufficient condition. Our algorithm exploits the fact that there is always a repeating pattern in a DS-FP schedule in discrete time systems. We demonstrate through examples that our schedulability test algorithm outperforms the existing algorithm in terms of accuracy.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123979445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced Hierachical Event-Stream Model","authors":"K. Albers, F. Bodmann, F. Slomka","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.19","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing future distributed real-time systems, automotive and avionic systems, is requiring compositional hard real-time analysis techniques. Well known established techniques as SymTA/S and the real-time calculus are candidates solving the mentioned problem. However both techniques use quite simple event models. SymTA/S is based on discrete events the real-time calculus on continuous functions. Such simple models has been choosen because of the computational complexity of the considered mathematical operations required for real-time analysis. Advances in approximation techniques are allowing the consideration of more expressive descriptions of events. In this paper such a new expressive event model and its analysis algorithm are described. It integrates the models of both techniques. It is also possible in this module to integrate an approximative real-time analysis into the event model. This allows to propagate the approximation through the analysis of a distributed system leading to a much more efficient analysis.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128506681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Predictable Code and Data Paging for Real Time Systems","authors":"D. Hardy, I. Puaut","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.16","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need for using virtual memory in real-time applications: using virtual addressing provides isolation between concurrent processes; in addition, paging allows the execution of applications whose size is larger than main memory capacity, which is useful in embedded systems where main memory is expensive and thus scarce. However, virtual memory is generally avoided when developing real-time and embedded applications due to predictability issues. In this paper we propose a predictable paging system in which the page loading and page eviction points are selected at compile-time. The contents of main memory is selected using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation. Our approach is applied to code, static data and stack regions of individual tasks. We show that the time required for selecting memory contents is reasonable for all applications including the largest ones, demonstrating the scalability of our approach. Experimental results compare our approach with a previous one, based on graph coloring. It shows that quality of page allocation is generally improved, with an average improvement of 30% over the previous approach. Another comparison with a state-of-the-art demand-paging system shows that predictability does not come at the price of performance loss.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128644853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving the First-Miss Computation in Set-Associative Instruction Caches","authors":"C. Ballabriga, H. Cassé","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.34","url":null,"abstract":"The methods for worst case execution time (WCET) computation need to analyse both the control flow of the task, and the architecture effects involved by the hosting architecture. An important architectural effect that needs to be predicted is the instruction cache behavior. This prediction is commonly performed by assigning to each program instruction a category that describes its behavior. One of these categories, first miss, means that the first reference is a cache miss, while the subsequent references give hits. Yet, there is variations in the meanings of this category according to the used methods, capturing overlapping but not equivalents sets of cache behaviors. In this paper, we have analysed the shortcomings of the First-Miss computation methods, and we have deduced an improved first miss computation approach which captures a maximum of cache behaviors while eliminating some of the most time-consuming processing. We have implemented our method in the frame of C. Ferdinand's categorization method, enhancing his approach for first miss handling, and compared it with the non-enhanced versions. The results shows a tighter WCET, and a greatly reduced computation time.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132318983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Schedulability Analysis of Sporadic Tasks with Multiple Criticality Specifications","authors":"Sanjoy Baruah, S. Vestal","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.26","url":null,"abstract":"In a paper that was presented at the recently-concluded real-time systems symposium, Vestal proposed a new real-time task model that is able to represent the fact that the worst-case execution time (WCET) of a single task may be determined to different levels of accuracy with different degrees of confidence. In systems with multiple criticality requirements -different tasks need to be assured of meeting their deadlines with different levels of confidence - such multiple specifications of WCET may be exploited to obtain better processor utilization.This paper conducts a thorough study of the feasibility and schedulability questions for such multi-criticality real-time task systems when implemented upon preemptive uniprocessor platforms.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126379194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Response Time Analysis of Asynchronous Periodic and Sporadic Tasks Sheduled by a Fixed Priority Preemptive Algorithm","authors":"M. Coutinho, J. Rufino, C. Almeida","doi":"10.1109/ECRTS.2008.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2008.30","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time systems usually consist of a set of periodic and sporadic tasks. Periodic tasks can be divided into two classes: synchronous and asynchronous. The first type does not define the task first release, contrary to the second. Hence, synchronous periodic tasks are assumed to be released at the worst instant: the critical instant. The schedulability test is reduced to check a single execution of the task under analysis. The integration of sporadic tasks is also straightforward: they are treated as a periodic task with maximum arrival frequency. On the other hand, asynchronous periodic tasks require a test for each release in the hyper period and the integration of sporadic tasks is not trivial: the worst release instant is unknown a priori. However, they do not assume that the tasks are released at the worst instant.This paper presents a new schedulability analysis method based on the Response Time Analysis (RTA) to determine the worst response time of both asynchronous periodic and sporadic tasks, scheduled by a fixed-priority preemptive algorithm with general deadlines. It also presents another method that enables the introduction of a user configurable degree of pessimism, reducing the hyper period dependency.","PeriodicalId":176327,"journal":{"name":"2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116027167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}