{"title":"Satisficing with a Variable Threshold","authors":"Matthew Kovach, Levent Ülkü","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3032039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3032039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We axiomatize a model of satisficing which features random thresholds and the possibility of choice abstention. Given a menu, the decision maker first randomly draws a threshold. Next, using a list order, she searches the menu for alternatives which are at least as good as the threshold. She chooses the first such alternative she finds, and if no such alternative exists, she abstains. Since the threshold is random, so is the resulting behavior. We characterize this model using two simple axioms. In general the revelation of the model’s primitives is incomplete. We characterize a specialization of the model for which the underlying preference and list ordering are uniquely identified by choice frequencies. We also show that our model is a special Random Utility Model.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"50 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120925090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification and Estimation of Demand for Bundles","authors":"Alessandro Iaria, Ao Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3458543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3458543","url":null,"abstract":"We present novel identification and estimation results for a mixed logit model of demand for bundles with endogenous prices given bundle-level market shares. Our approach hinges on an affine relationship between the utilities of single products and of bundles, on an essential real analytic property of the mixed logit model, and on the existence of exogenous cost shifters. We propose a new demand inverse in the presence of complementarity that enables to concentrate out of the likelihood function the (potentially numerous) market-product specific average utilities, substantially alleviating the challenge of dimensionality inherent in estimation. To illustrate the use of our methods, we estimate demand and supply in the US ready-to-eat cereal industry, where the proposed MLE reduces the numerical search from approximately 12000 to 130 parameters. Our estimates suggest that ignoring Hicksian complementarity among different products often purchased in bundles may result in misleading demand estimates and counterfactuals.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124062889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Conjoint Analysis of Consumer’s Preferences on Quality Attributes of Rice","authors":"Nikka S. Agbas, Roel F Ceballos","doi":"10.17654/as058010045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17654/as058010045","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer preference is highly influenced by attributes or features that made up goods and products. Thus, it is of utmost interest to company owners and producers to determine the utility maximizing (most important) attributes of any goods or products. The aim of the study is to determine the consumers’ preferences on rice attributes using conjoint analysis. Key Informant Interview was used to reduce the number of intrinsic rice attributes. The sample profiles (12 for intrinsic and 10 for extrinsic) were generated through orthogonal design. The 350 respondents were randomly taken using systematic sampling. Results of the analysis reveal that the most important rice attributes are texture and variety. Furthermore, for intrinsic characteristics, the consumers prefer tasty, aromatic, sticky and plain white rice; while for extrinsic characteristics, the consumers prefer a local rice pack in a sack with rice information for a price of Php 35.00 to Php 49.00 per kilo. The result of the validation suggests that there is a strong correlation between the observed and predicted preferences. The study therefore recommends that government intervention strategy should concentrate on promoting affordable but tasty local rice. Manufacturers and retailers should invest in better packaging and rice information as buying preference are influenced by these attributes.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134349891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Localization Model for Client Reluctance","authors":"S. Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3452308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3452308","url":null,"abstract":"Why do clients stop communicating with financial advisors? This paper seeks to answer this question by combining the Gantt Chart of project management with the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Change—a framework whereby advisors illicit client responses in an effort to reinforce positive behaviors and curb negative ones through the issuance of narrowly-focused tasks. This new client localization model identifies the client’s current position on the TTM spectrum and discusses the benefits for financial advisors to use this model in helping clients reach their financial goals.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124794594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Housing Prices, Inter-Generational Co-Residence, and “Excess” Savings by the Young: Evidence Using Chinese Data","authors":"M. Rosenzweig, Junsen Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3439507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439507","url":null,"abstract":"In many countries of the world the co-residence of young adults aged 25-34 with their parents is not uncommon and in some countries the savings rates of these age groups exceed those of the middle-aged contrary to the standard model of life-cycle savings. In this paper we examine the role of housing prices in affecting the living arrangements of adult family members and their individual savings rates by age. Using unique data from China that enable the re-construction of whole families and identify individual savings regardless of who within the family co-resides in the same household, and exploiting the Chinese government rules determining the supply of land for residential housing, we find that increases in housing prices significantly increase inter-generational co-residence and elevate the savings rates of the young relative to the middle-aged, conditional on income, in part due to the subsidies to the young from sharing housing with parents. Based on our estimates of the effects of housing prices on co-residence and the effects of co-residence on individual savings, we find that the savings rates of the young in China would be 21% lower if housing prices were at the same ratio to disposable incomes as that observed in the United States.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124152333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequently Purchased Goods and Price Expectation","authors":"Thiago Cacicedo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3435491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3435491","url":null,"abstract":"I study how the price expectation regarding future prices affects consumer purchase behaviour for frequently, non-durable, goods. Using a standard dynamic model of utility maximisation, I show how current purchases depend on expectation about future prices. Then, I use scanner data to provide reduced-form evidence on which type of expectation, among those commonly used in the literature, is consistent with the data. I find that, on av- erage, consumers are weak-rational, i.e. only past prices matter to form expectations about future prices, but there is some degree of heterogeneity in price expectations.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122547767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Sub-Optimal Are Age-Based Life-Cycle Investment Products?","authors":"Gaurav Khemka, Mogens Steffensen, G. Warren","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3416265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3416265","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the conditions under which life-cycle investment strategies based on age may be ‘near enough’ to optimal, focusing on the treatment of the pension account balance and assumptions about risk aversion. We show that dynamically adjusting the strategy in response to fluctuations in the balance as well as age can lead to moderate improvements over product designs currently seen in the market; although most of the potential gains might be captured by specifying the glide path with reference to a measure of expected value of the balance over time. The risk aversion assumption emerges as a far more important consideration, with much greater utility losses arising from mismatches between the risk aversion of the investor and that underpinning the glide path design. Our analysis points towards possibilities for improving life-cycle or target date funds, and highlights the benefit of offering a suite of such funds that cater for members with differing risk aversion.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"14 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123337761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Volunteer Now or Later: The Effects of Effort Time Allocation on Donations","authors":"C. M. Capra, Bing Jiang, Yuxin Su","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3423105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3423105","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effect of time flexibility on volunteering. Using an online experiment, we tested predictions of a model of inter-temporal volunteering. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find that flexibility in choosing when to allocate effort donations increases overall donations despite the added incentive to renege on a promise to donate. Furthermore, compared to monetary donations, donation rates are higher when people donate effort. We provide a framework for understanding these results.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130391687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relation between Preference for Local or Global Brands and Various Demographic Features of Consumer","authors":"Aakriti Goyal, B. Khurana, Prof. L. N. Koli","doi":"10.31033/IJEMR.9.3.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31033/IJEMR.9.3.22","url":null,"abstract":"Now a days, dilemma of choosing between local and global brands is faced while purchasing most of the goods be it be a needle or a sophisticated machinery. Good quality and affordable prices of goods of global brands are overpowering the local brands. It is seen that young generation is getting very much inclined towards the global brands and gradually local brands are finding it difficult to survive in market. Along with age many other factors are also responsible for this phenomenon. In this situation a study on various factors which are related with preference for local or global brands is need of the hour. For the purpose of study a questionnaire was developed and sent to respondents in order to find out whether actually there is any relationship between demographic factors of respondents and their choice between branded and local goods. On the bases of survey it was found out that, actually there is a relation between demographic factors of respondents and their choice between local and branded goods to a large extent.","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133760987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Equilibrium Theory of Retirement Plan Design","authors":"","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2823605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2823605","url":null,"abstract":"We develop an equilibrium theory of employer-sponsored retirement plan design using a behavioral contract theory approach. The operation of the labor market results in retirement plans that generally cater to, rather than correct, workers’ mistakes. Our theory provides new explanations for a range of facts about retirement plan design, including the use of employer matching contributions and the use of default contribution rates in automatic enrollment plans that lower many workers’ savings. We provide novel evidence for our theory from a sample of plans. (JEL D86, G51, J26, J32, J41)","PeriodicalId":176300,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122957978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}