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Biologically Active Polypeptides of Anemonia sulcata—and of Other Sea Anemones—Tools in the Study of Exitable Membranes 海葵及其他海葵的生物活性多肽——可分泌膜研究的工具
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200038380
L. Béress
{"title":"Biologically Active Polypeptides of Anemonia sulcata—and of Other Sea Anemones—Tools in the Study of Exitable Membranes","authors":"L. Béress","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200038380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200038380","url":null,"abstract":"During the past thirty years sea anemones turned out to be important producer of biologically highly active polypeptides acting on Na+ and K+ ion channels. They are compoused from 27 to 59 aminoacids having molecular weights from 3000 to 7000 Da. All contain six cystein molecules which are interconnected to three sisulfide bridges. Because of their specifique mode of action on nerve cell exitation and on the mammalian heart muscle they became very important tools in neurophysiology and pharmacology. In the present review the research on sea anemone polypeptid toxins is summarized from a historical point of view, focussed on the polypeptides of Anemonia sulcata, Condylactis gigantea and Anthopleura elegantissima.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89210284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Special Section on Bacterial Phospholipases C as Exotoxins 细菌磷脂酶C外毒素专题
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200038404
H. Ikezawa
{"title":"Special Section on Bacterial Phospholipases C as Exotoxins","authors":"H. Ikezawa","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200038404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200038404","url":null,"abstract":"More than 60 years ago, studies on bacterial phospholipases C started with the monumental work of Macfarlane and Knight (1941). According to their study, Clostridium perfringens a-toxin having lethal, necrotic, and hemolytic activities, proved to be an enzyme ‘‘lecithinase’’ that hydrolyzes lecithin, i.e., phosphatidylcholine, into diacylglycerol and phosphorylcholine. From various points of view, this discovery was epoch-making. First, it indicates that a single enzyme can be a major lethal toxin of C. perfringens. Afterward, several other toxins, such as diphtheria toxin, proved to be enzymes. Therefore, C. perfringens a-toxin is the first bacterial toxin recognized as an enzyme. Second, this discovery poses an inevitable question. How does this enzyme exert its toxic action against host cells, leading to the","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84033488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bacterial Phosphatidylinositol‐Specific Phospholipases C as Membrane‐Attacking Agents and Tools for Research on GPI‐Anchored Proteins 细菌磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C作为膜攻击剂和研究GPI锚定蛋白的工具
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200038412
H. Ikezawa
{"title":"Bacterial Phosphatidylinositol‐Specific Phospholipases C as Membrane‐Attacking Agents and Tools for Research on GPI‐Anchored Proteins","authors":"H. Ikezawa","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200038412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200038412","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipases C have been shown not only to cause breakdown of phosphatidylinositol but also to release GPI‐anchored proteins from the plasma membranes of eucaryotes. Several enzymes in this group have been sequenced by cloning genomic DNA, and the enzymes of Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes were analyzed for their structures by X‐ray crystallography. In the active sites of enzymes from Bacillus genera and L. monocytogenes, the roles of component amino acid residues in catalysis have been mostly clarified. The enzyme of Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited cytotoxicity against some cultivated cells. The enzyme of L. monocytogenes was shown to contribute to listerial infection of epithelial cells and macrophages as a virulence factor cooperating with other factors such as listeriolysin O and phosphatidylcholine‐preferring phospholipase C. Recently, this enzyme proved to stimulate the signal‐transduction system of host cells in listeriosis. The requirements for effective utilization of bacterial phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipases C should be considered in research on GPI‐anchored proteins, cellular transduction, and so forth, given the unique properties of these enzymes.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81119416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Bacterial Zinc‐Metallophospholipases C 细菌锌-金属磷脂酶C
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200038417
R. Titball, A. Basak
{"title":"The Bacterial Zinc‐Metallophospholipases C","authors":"R. Titball, A. Basak","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200038417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200038417","url":null,"abstract":"The bacterial zinc‐metallophospholipases C are produced only by gram‐positive bacteria and are characterised on the basis of the presence of up to three zinc ions in the active site. Some zinc‐metallophospholipases C, like the α‐toxin of Clostridium perfringens, are potent toxins and play key roles in the pathogenesis of disease. Toxicity appears to be related to the ability of the enzyme to interact with phospholipids in host cell membranes and to the hydrolysis of both phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Significant insight into the mode of action of the zinc‐metallophospholipases has been gained from knowledge of the crystal structures of several members of this group. All of the enzymes possess an enzymatic domain, but only some zinc‐metallophospholipases possess a domain that can play a key role in the recognition of membrane phospholipids. The presence of this domain appears to be necessary for toxicity, but not all enzymes that possess this domain are toxic. Several studies have indicated that membrane active toxins, such as C. perfringens α‐toxin, might be exploited for the treatment of oncogenic disease.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89904668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Use of a Novel Peripheral Biomarker, Urine Trans, Trans, Muconic Acid, for Benzene Toxicity Monitoring 使用一种新的外周生物标志物，尿反式，反式，粘膜酸，苯毒性监测
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200038389
V. Wiwanitkit
{"title":"Use of a Novel Peripheral Biomarker, Urine Trans, Trans, Muconic Acid, for Benzene Toxicity Monitoring","authors":"V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200038389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200038389","url":null,"abstract":"Benzene is a colorless poisonous toxic liquid with a sweet odor. Benzene exposure is of particular concern because recent research indicates that benzene exposure can result in chronic toxicity. Potential metabolic mechanisms underlying the hemopoietic toxicity of benzene include bioactivation of phenolic metabolites of benzene by myeloperoxidases in bone marrow, which results in hydroquinolone, a major leukemogen. In exposure and risk evaluations, the monitoring of benzene by peripheral biomarker has several advantages over a technical assessment of exposure. Of several monitoring methods, the peripheral urine biomarker, urine trans, trans‐muconic acid (ttMA) level is accepted as a novel and useful monitoring tool for early diagnosis of exposure. Presently, it is introduced as an alternative to the classical biomarker, urine phenol. Here, some previous reports on the use of ttMA as biomarker have been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80964007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Economic Impact of Bt Corn Resulting from Mycotoxin Reduction 减少霉菌毒素对Bt玉米的经济影响
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200027872
Felicia Wu, J. Miller, Elizabeth A. Casman
{"title":"The Economic Impact of Bt Corn Resulting from Mycotoxin Reduction","authors":"Felicia Wu, J. Miller, Elizabeth A. Casman","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200027872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200027872","url":null,"abstract":"The insecticidal proteins in genetically modified hybrid Bt corn (Zea mays spp.) reduce insect damage, which in turn can reduce infection of the grain by mycotoxigenic fungi. Lower levels of Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol in Bt corn could have significant market and health impacts, both in the United States and around the world. These impacts are foregone losses through market rejection, human health losses, and animal health losses. We estimate that at current planting levels, Bt corn saves farmers in the United States about $17 million annually through reduced fumonisin and deoxynivalenol damage alone. Though not extensively grown in developing countries, the benefits there in mycotoxin reduction could be even more significant, particularly in regions where corn is a staple in the human diet.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85637086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 58
Risk of Exposure to and Mitigation of Effect of Aflatoxin on Human Health: A West African Example 黄曲霉毒素对人体健康的影响:西非的一个例子
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200027817
K. Cardwell, S. Henry
{"title":"Risk of Exposure to and Mitigation of Effect of Aflatoxin on Human Health: A West African Example","authors":"K. Cardwell, S. Henry","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200027817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200027817","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to examine the relative risk of exposure of different human populations to food‐borne aflatoxins; the types of health impact that may be incurred by dietary exposure to aflatoxins; and possible strategies likely to mitigate risks to human health. Risk of exposure is examined in a global context comparing risk of toxin exposure by levels of national socioeconomic development. Then risk of exposure is reexamined in the context of agro‐ecology, distribution of toxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus, and social factors that influence food management practices. The effects of aflatoxin exposure on human health are explored in three sections: human disease and nutritional status, carcinogenicity, and child growth and development. The section concerning mitigation of the effects of aflatoxin on human health contrasts efficacy of regulation, food basket modification, and production‐side agriculture intervention. It is concluded that risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries, such as West Africa, may be addressed by vaccination for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other public health options. Young children in West Africa who are chronically exposed to aflatoxin in foods and who consume nutritionally deficient diets have been shown to be stunted and underweight, as measured by World Health Organization (WHO) Z‐scores.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82578952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 73
Introduction to Aflatoxin and Food Safety—Part II 黄曲霉毒素与食品安全简介-第二部分
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/txr-200027807
{"title":"Introduction to Aflatoxin and Food Safety—Part II","authors":"","doi":"10.1081/txr-200027807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/txr-200027807","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that have deleterious effects on animals and/or humans. Aflatoxins are a very toxic group of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species such as A. flavus Link, A. parasiticus Speare, and A. nomius Kurtzman, Horn, and Hesseltine. These fungal species are found on many food and feed crops, especially corn (Zea mays L.), cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), and tree nuts. Aflatoxins are of great threat to food safety around the world. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST, 2003) lists aflatoxins as a major group of mycotoxins of concern, along with fumonisins, trichochothecenes, and ochratoxins. Recently, several studies have reported cocontamination of field samples by aflatoxins along with various other mycotoxins. Recently, fumonisins have been reported to be carcinogenic to animals. The presence of multiple toxins in food raises additional safety concerns. Thus, this second issue devoted to aflatoxin food safety also will address the significance of aflatoxins in relation to other mycotoxins to give us a better understanding of their total impact. The first special issue, Aflatoxin and Food Safety—Part I, was published as Journal of Toxicology–Toxin Reviews, Vol. 22, Nos. 2 & 3, pages 139 to 459, 2003. That issue covered a variety of topics ranging from the financial impact of mycotoxin contamination in the U.S. and other parts of the world to strategies for reducing aflatoxin contamination in several crops and with multiple modalities. Also considered were molecular genetic techniques to study aflatoxin biosynthesis, and techniques for measuring aflatoxin in food, feed, and other biological specimens. The current issue expands the","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91401328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Toxicity of Ricin 蓖麻毒素的毒性
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-120030648
C. Winder
{"title":"Toxicity of Ricin","authors":"C. Winder","doi":"10.1081/TXR-120030648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-120030648","url":null,"abstract":"Ricin is a potent protein toxin derived from the beans of the castor plant (Ricinus communis). Castor beans are found in many parts of the world, and the toxin can be produced simply. Ricin's significance as a potential terrorist weapon relates in part to its wide availability and ease of extraction. Ricin comprises a number of polypeptide chains that act to assist cellular uptake of the ricin molecule, cause membrane damage, and once in the cell, inhibit protein synthesis. The toxic dose in animals is low, although there is little toxicity data in humans. Most probable exposure in humans would be from inhalation of aerosols or mists containing ricin, or by ingestion. There is one established case of assassination by injection. Signs and symptoms of toxicity in humans would probably include weakness, fever, cough and pulmonary edema occuring within 18–24 hours of inhalation exposure, followed by severe respiratory distress and death from hypoxemia in 36–72 hours.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91216436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Identifying Sources of Resistance to Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination in Corn Grain 玉米对黄曲霉毒素和伏马菌素污染的抗性来源鉴定
Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1081/TXR-200027865
M. J. Clements, D. G. White
{"title":"Identifying Sources of Resistance to Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination in Corn Grain","authors":"M. J. Clements, D. G. White","doi":"10.1081/TXR-200027865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-200027865","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers at the University of Illinois seek to identify sources of genetic resistance that contribute alleles for low aflatoxin and low fumonisin accumulation in grain and low severity of Aspergillus and Fusarium ear rots to commercial corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds. Studies of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in grain and Aspergillus ear rot began in 1988 with experiments designed to address fundamental needs of a new breeding program. Through the 1990s, diverse inbred lines, test crosses, and segregating populations were developed and evaluated for resistance in numerous environments. Concerns of industry inspired researchers to initiate an accelerated program for resistance to fumonisin accumulation in grain and Fusarium ear rot in the late 1990s. Present research in both programs is directed with the latest molecular marker technology, and is focused on incorporating novel genes for resistance from diverse sources into elite inbred lines that impart high yield to hybrid performance. With continued funding, agronomically superior sources of resistance along with information on molecular markers associated with resistance soon may be released.","PeriodicalId":17561,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-toxin Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89341604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 46
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