Journal of toxicology and environmental health最新文献

{"title":"DNA-protein cross-links produced by various chemicals in cultured human lymphoma cells.","authors":"M Costa,&nbsp;A Zhitkovich,&nbsp;M Harris,&nbsp;D Paustenbach,&nbsp;M Gargas","doi":"10.1080/00984109708984000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708984000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemicals such as cis-platinum, formaldehyde, chromate, copper, and certain arsenic compounds have been shown to produce DNA-protein cross-links in human in vitro cell systems at high doses, such as those in the cytotoxic range. Thus far there have only been a limited number of other chemicals evaluated for their ability to produce cross-links. The purpose of the work described here was to evaluate whether select industrial chemicals can form DNA-protein cross-links in human cells in vitro. We evaluated acetaldehyde, acrolein, diepoxybutane, paraformaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, propionaldehyde, chloroacetaldehyde, sodium arsenite, and a deodorant tablet [Mega Blue; hazardous component listed as tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane]. Short- and long-term cytotoxicity was evaluated and used to select appropriate doses for in vitro testing. DNA-protein cross-linking was evaluated at no fewer than three doses and two cell lysate washing temperatures (45 and 65 degrees C) in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) human Burkitt's lymphoma cells. The two washing temperatures were used to assess the heat stability of the DNA-protein cross-link, 2-Furaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde produced statistically significant increases in DNA-protein cross-links at washing temperatures of 45 degrees C, but not 65 degrees C, and at or above concentrations of 5, 17.5, and 75 mM, respectively. Acrolein, diepoxybutane, paraformaldehyde, and Mega Blue produced statistically significant increases in DNA-protein cross-links washed at 45 and 65 degrees C at or above concentrations of 0.15 mM, 12.5 mM, 0.003%, and 0.1%, respectively. Sodium arsenite and chloroacetaldehyde did not produce significantly increased DNA-protein cross-links at either temperature nor at any dose tested. Excluding paraformaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde treatments, significant increases in DNA-protein cross-links were observed only at doses that resulted in complete cell death within 4 d following dosing. This work demonstrates that DNA-protein cross-links can be formed in vitro following exposure to a variety of industrial compounds and that most cross-links are formed at cytotoxic concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"433-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708984000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20087885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene on GST-P-positive liver cell foci development in a new medium-term rat liver bioassay using D-galactosamine.","authors":"H C Kim,&nbsp;Y S Lee,&nbsp;A Nishikawa","doi":"10.1080/00984109708984005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708984005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The carcinogenic potential of phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) was assayed in a new medium-term carcinogenicity bioassay using D-galactosamine (DGA) as a nonsurgical method to induce liver cell regeneration in place of partial hepatectomy (PH). Rats were initially given a single ip injection (200 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and after 2 wk on basal diet received 2 ip injections of DGA (300 mg/kg) at the end of wk 2 and 5. They were treated with one of the test compounds PB or 3-MC in the diet or fed basal diet for wk 3-8 Carcinogenic potential was assessed by comparing the numbers and areas per square centimeter of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive (GST-P+) foci in the livers of test chemical-treated animals with those of the control animals given DEN/DGA alone. Positive estimations of carcinogenicity were obtained for PB, which is a nongenotoxic liver tumor promoter, and for 3-MC, which is a genotoxic nonliver carcinogen. Increases of liver/body weight ratios and serum total cholesterol were observed in rats treated with PB or 3-MC. Interestingly, interlobe differences were found on the development of GST-P+ liver cell foci. Our results thus confirm that the present bioassay protocol with repeated administration of DGA instead of PH may offer a new and sensitive method to screen large-numbers of environmental liver and nonliver carcinogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"519-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708984005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20087890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper respiratory tract surface areas and volumes of laboratory animals and humans: considerations for dosimetry models.","authors":"M G Ménache,&nbsp;L M Hanna,&nbsp;E A Gross,&nbsp;S R Lou,&nbsp;S J Zinreich,&nbsp;D A Leopold,&nbsp;A M Jarabek,&nbsp;F J Miller","doi":"10.1080/00984109708984003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708984003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To facilitate the development of regional respiratory tract dosimetry comparisons between laboratory animal species and humans, published surface area (SA) and volume (VOL) data for the upper respiratory tract (URT) were reviewed. The review of the literature revealed that (1) different studies used different techniques to prepare specimens and make measurements, (2) different areas of the URT were measured, and (3) URT surface areas and volumes have been reported for a limited number of individual subjects within a species but for a relatively wide range of species. The published data are summarized in tables in this article. New measurements made in an F344 rat and in a female human subject are also presented. Despite the differences in experimental protocols, it was possible to fit allometric scaling equations to the data: In(SA, cm2) = -0.34 + 0.52 In(body weight, g) and In(VOL, cm3) = 1.70 + 0.78 In(body weight, g). Separate scaling equations were also fitted for rats alone. To illustrate the use of these scaling equations in quantitative human health risk assessment, two dose metrics (fractional absorption/cm2 URT SA and fractional absorption/g body weight) for predicted URT uptake in laboratory animals and humans were calculated for acrolein and epichlorohydrin. Expressed as an animal-to-human ratio, the 95% confidence interval for URT SA could change the predicted dose ratio by up to a factor of 2. Additional studies are needed to describe the entire URT (from the nares through the larynx) quantitatively and to decrease variability in scaling equation predictions as well as to develop additional species-specific scaling equations. Three-dimensional imaging techniques provide a noninvasive method to obtain URT surface areas and volumes in humans and the larger laboratory animals. Comparisons of magnetic resonance image (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans made as part of this study suggest that the greater clarity of the mucosal-air interface in the CT image provides better resolution for the study of anatomic features. Because there is no radiation exposure associated with MRI imaging, however, it is more safely used than CT scans in making repeated measurements in a subject to elucidate changes in URT geometry associated with normal nasal cycling or other physiological changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"475-506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708984003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20087888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive oxygen species do not cause arsine-induced hemoglobin damage.","authors":"K M Hatlelid,&nbsp;D E Carter","doi":"10.1080/00984109708984002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708984002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous work suggested that arsine- (AsH3-) induced hemoglobin (HbO2) damage may lead to hemolysis (Hatlelid et al., 1996). The purpose of the work presented here was to determine whether reactive oxygen species are formed by AsH3 in solution, in hemoglobin solutions, or in intact red blood cells, and, if so, to determine whether these species are responsible for the observed hemoglobin damage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was detected in aqueous solutions containing AsH3 and HbO2 or AsH3 alone but not in intact red blood cells or lysates. Additionally, high-activity catalase (19,200 U/ml) or glutathione peroxidase (68 U/ml) added to solutions of HbO2 and AsH3 had only a minor protective effect against AsH3-induced damage. Further, the differences between the visible spectra of AsH3-treated HbO2 and H2O2-treated HbO2 indicate that two different degradative processes occur. The presence of superoxide anion (O2-) was measured by O2(-)-dependent reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). The results were negative for O2-. Exogenous superoxide dismutase (100 micrograms/ml) did not affect AsH3-induced HbO2 spectral changes, nor did the hydroxyl radical scavengers, mannitol, and DMSO (20 mM each). The general antioxidants ascorbate (< or = 10 mM) and glutathione (< or = 1 mM) also had no effect. These results indicate that the superoxide anion and the hydroxyl radical (OH) are not involved in the mechanism of AsH3-induced HbO2 damage. The results also indicate that although AsH3 contributes to H2O2 production in vitro, cellular defenses are adequate to detoxify the amount formed. An alternative mechanism by which an arsenic species is the hemolytic agent is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"463-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708984002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20087887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIFRA Subdivision F testing Guidelines: are these tests adequate to detect potential hormonal activity for crop protection chemicals? Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.","authors":"J T Stevens,&nbsp;A Tobia,&nbsp;J C Lamb,&nbsp;C Tellone,&nbsp;F O'Neal","doi":"10.1080/00984109708983999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708983999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, a major topic of discussion has been the impact of synthetic chemicals that possess the capacity to alter hormonal activity, the so-called \"endocrine modulators,\" with potentially the capacity to alter the reproductive capability of humans. Particularly, various synthetic pesticides and industrial chemicals that persist in the environment and/or bioaccumulate have been implicated. Further, it has been alleged that the standard tests for pesticide registration as required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory agencies may be inadequate to detect endocrine modulating effects. To address these shortcomings, it has been proposed that very specific tests for estrogen receptor binding, or in vitro cell response to chemicals, be used to identify potential endocrine modulators. However, such approaches have certain flaws that limit their application as screens. First, very specific tests, like receptor binding, evaluate only a single chemical event per test. Such tests do not measure toxicity or biological response. Isolated systems are very important for studying mechanisms of action or structure activity relationships, but can only provide a preliminary screen for a single mechanism of toxicity. Isolated systems can not be used to regulate a chemical without additional information. Second, they fail to test many other parts of the neuroendocrine control of the reproductive system. Testing for adverse effects in highly specific in vitro systems failed to replace whole-animal models in carcinogenesis and will also fail in reproductive toxicology because this system is too complicated for such as in vitro approach to be accurately predictive. Advanced tests, such as the EPA multigeneration study, are more effective, and reliable means for evaluation than any specific and narrowly focused screening tests. Experience has shown that a better approach to testing chemicals is to evaluate their effects on the whole animal. When one part of the system is adversely affected, various processes may be indirectly affected and can be detected in the animal model. For example, a modulation of testosterone synthesis could lead to (1) altered accessory sex organ morphology, size, and function; (2) decreased sperm counts; and (3) even decreased fertility. These and many other effects would be noted in toxicity studies that are already required for the registration of crop protection chemicals. The developmental and reproductive toxicity guidelines were recently reviewed in a hearing that included the representatives from the EPA, the public, and the Scientific Advisory Panel. The EPA kept the basic study design the same, but added a few new endpoints to further assess chemical-induced effects on reproductive development and function. The review presented herein concentrates on the required Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) testing for pesticides, and demonstrates how the massive arrays of sensitiv","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"415-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708983999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20088562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3-Chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride: in vitro mutagenicity studies for human health hazards determinations.","authors":"L F Stankowski,&nbsp;J R San Sebastian,&nbsp;R T Sterner","doi":"10.1080/00984109708984001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708984001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>3-Chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPT-HCl) is an aniline derivative used in the manufacture of the dye palatine fast yellow; it is also registered as a selective, low-volume-use (< 45 kg/yr) avicide. Three in vitro mutagenicity tests of CPT-HCl were performed according to methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): the Ames/Salmonella assay, the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (CHO/HPRT) mammalian cell forward gene mutation assay, and the CHO chromosome aberration assay. CPT-HCl did not display mutagenic activity using the Ames/Salmonella or CHO/HPRT assays. However, CPT-HCl induced statistically significant, concentration-dependent, metabolically activated increases in the proportion of aberrant cells and aberrations/cell in cultured CHO cells. Results are suggestive of minimal mutagenicity effects associated with exposure to anilines and their derivatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"451-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708984001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20087886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of beryllium chloride on porphyrin metabolism in pregnant mice administered by subcutaneous injection.","authors":"S Sakaguchi,&nbsp;T Sakaguchi,&nbsp;I Nakamura,&nbsp;M Aminaka,&nbsp;T Tanaka,&nbsp;Y Kudo","doi":"10.1080/00984109708984004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00984109708984004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of beryllium (Be) compounds on porphyrins was investigated in pregnant mice. The blood protoporphyrin (Proto) and zinc protoporphyrin (Zn Proto) concentrations were increased in pregnancy. Regardless of pregnancy or nonpregnancy, the Proto concentration was decreased after Be injection. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D) activities in blood were significantly elevated in the pregnant untreated (Con-pregnant) group, compared to the nonpregnant mice untreated (Con-nonpregnant) and nonpregnant mice treated with Be (Be-nonpregnant) groups. The blood ALA-D activity of the pregnant mice treated with Be (Be-pregnant group) tended to decrease, compared to Con-pregnant group. The blood PBG-D activity in the Be-pregnant group was significantly lower compared with that of the Con-pregnant group. The ALA-D and PBG-D activities in the spleen were also significantly elevated in the Con-pregnant group, compared to nonpregnant groups. However, it was noted that these values in the Be-pregnant group were almost the same as that of the Con-nonpregnant group and were significantly lower than that in the Con-pregnant group. The elevation of ALA-D and PBG-D activities in the blood and spleen, which play a role in the hematopoietic function of mice, was observed in the Con-pregnant mice compared to the nonpregnant mice. However, the phenomenon was not observed in the Be-pregnant mice, it suggesting that Be suppressed the pregnancy-induced increase in hematopoietic function.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 5","pages":"507-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00984109708984004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20087889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of micronucleated and multinucleated cells by man-made fibers in vitro in mammalian cells.","authors":"T Ong,&nbsp;Y Liu,&nbsp;B Z Zhong,&nbsp;W G Jones,&nbsp;W Z Whong","doi":"10.1080/009841097160447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009841097160447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many workers as well as the general public are exposed to glass fibers, which are among the most common man-made fibers. Information related to their genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity is still limited. In this study, we investigated the ability of glass fibers to induce micronucleated and multinucleated cells in cultured Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, the V79 cells. The induced micronuclei were further analyzed to determine the mechanism of micronucleus formation by staining the kinetochore with anti-kinetochore and fluoresceinated goat anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Three types of glass fibers (Manville 100 microfiber, Owens Corning AAA-10 microfiber, and Owens Corning general building insulation fiber) were studied. The results show that the two microfibers induced significant numbers of multinucleated and micronucleated cells in a concentration-related manner. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated a significant dose-related. increase in the proportion of kinetochore-positive micronuclei in cells treated with the two microfibers. These results indicate that the two microfibers are capable of inhibiting cytokinesis and are principally aneuploidogens. Unlike the two microfibers, the larger fibers neither induced micronuclei nor inhibited cytokinesis in V79 cells. Thus, the genotoxic potential of glass fibers in V79 cells may be related to their size.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 4","pages":"409-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/009841097160447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20068858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The changing cigarette, 1950-1995.","authors":"D Hoffmann, I Hoffmann","doi":"10.1080/009841097160393","DOIUrl":"10.1080/009841097160393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nicotine is recognized to be the major inducer of tobacco dependence. The smoking of cigarettes as an advantageous delivery system for nicotine, accelerates and aggravates cardiovascular disease, and is causally associated with increased risks for chronic obstructive lung disease, cancer of the lung and of the upper aerodigestive system, and cancer of the pancreas, renal pelvis, and urinary bladder. It is also associated with cancer of the liver, cancer of the uterine cervix, cancer of the nasal cavity, and myeloid leukemia. In 1950, the first large-scale epidemiological studies documented that cigarette smoking induces lung cancer and described a dose-response relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and the risk for developing lung cancer. In the following decades these observations were not only confirmed by several hundreds of prospective and case-control studies but the plausibility of this causal association was also supported by bioassays and by the identification of carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Whole smoke induces lung tumors in mice and tumors in the upper respiratory tract of hamsters. The particulate matter of the smoke elicits benign and malignant tumors on the skin of mice and rabbits, sarcoma in the connective tissue of rats, and carcinoma in the lungs of rats upon intratracheal instillation. More than 50 carcinogens have been identified, including the following classes of compounds: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aromatic amines, and N-nitrosamines. Among the latter, the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) have been shown to be of special significance. Since 1950, the makeup of cigarettes and the composition of cigarette smoke have gradually changed. In the United States, the sales-weighted average \"tar\" and nicotine yields have declined from a high of 38 mg \"tar\" and 2.7 mg nicotine in 1954 to 12 mg and 0.95 mg in 1992, respectively. In the United Kingdom, the decline was from about 32 mg \"tar\" and 2.2 mg nicotine to less than 12 mg \"tar\" and 1.0 mg nicotine per cigarette. During the same time, other smoke constituents changed correspondingly. These reductions of smoke yields were primarily achieved by the introduction of filter tips, with and without perforation, selection of tobacco types and varieties, utilization of highly porous cigarette paper, and incorporation into the tobacco blend of reconstituted tobacco, opened and cut ribs, and \"expanded tobacco.\" In most countries where tobacco blends with air-cured (burley) tobacco are used, the nitrate content of the cigarette tobacco increased. In the United States nitrate levels in cigarette tobacco rose from 0.3-0.5% to 0.6-1.35%, thereby enhancing the combustion of the tobacco. More complete combustion decreases the carcinogenic PAH, yet the increased generation of nitrogen oxides enhances the formation of the carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, especially the TSNA in the smoke. However, all analytical measures of the smoke components have been establishe","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 4","pages":"307-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/009841097160393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20069554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate against testicular toxicity in rats caused by acute exposure to cadmium.","authors":"H Ono,&nbsp;T Funakoshi,&nbsp;H Shimada,&nbsp;S Kojima","doi":"10.1080/009841097160429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009841097160429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disulfiram (DSF) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DED) were compared for their protective effects against the testicular toxicity induced by acute exposure to cadmium (Cd) in rats. Rats were injected subcutaneously with CdCl2 126.7 mumol (3 mg) Cd/kgl, and 30 min later they were injected intraperitoneally with DSF (0.05-0.5 mmol/kg) or DED (0.1-1 mmol/kg). The treatment with DSF at dose levels of 0.1-0.5 mmol/kg prevented the increases in testicular lipid peroxidation and calcium (Ca) concentrations and the decreases in testicular weight that were observed at 7 d after Cd injection. DED at dosage levels of 0.2-1 mmol/kg likewise reduced Cd-induced testicular toxicity. An increase in testicular iron (Fe) concentrations at 7 d and sterility at 59 d after Cd injection were almost completely blocked by treatment with DSF or DED at the highest doses, but lower doses of DSF or DED were ineffective. These results indicated that DSF, which is metabolized to DED, had a protective effect against Cd-induced testicular toxicity nearly equivalent to DED at approximately one-half the dose.</p>","PeriodicalId":17524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","volume":"50 4","pages":"389-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/009841097160429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20068856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}