Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Trenching: A Necessity for Assessment of N ² Fixation in Field Grown Faidherbia albida Using N-Enrichment Methodology","authors":"M. Gueye, I. Ndoye","doi":"10.1080/089030600406644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600406644","url":null,"abstract":"In Senegal at Nioro experimental station the 15 N 2 isotope dilution technique was used at field conditions for estimating fixation of N 2 in Faidherbia albida, mono cultured and mixed with the reference species, Parkinsonia aculeata. Trenched and nontrenched plots within the plantation were labeled with 15 N 2 - ammonium sulphate containing 2 atom % 15 N excess at the equivalent amount of 20 kg N ha -1. The proportion of fixed N 2 was lower than that previously measured in experiments using Parkia biglobosa as a reference tree species: 20.3% vs. 54.7%. This difference might be due to physiological differences between the two reference species. Significant effect of trenching vs. nontrenching to the labeled area was observed on the percentage of N 2 derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) of F. albida. The % Ndfa was higher in trenched than in nontrenched labeled area (+ 34.3%). There was no difference however in the amount of N 2 fixed in trenched and nontrenched plots although the estimate in the former (6.70 2 g N plant -1) was slightly higher than that in the later (5.60 g N plant -1). Thus trenching the labeled area seems to be necessary for estimating the N 2 fixed by F. albida in the field.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117135831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature and Composition of Newly Formed Precipitates in Relationship to Characteristics of Groundwater in Arid Environment","authors":"A. Sheta, M. Al-Sewailem, Abdelazeem Sh. Sallam, A. S. Al-Mashhady","doi":"10.1080/08903060050136487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08903060050136487","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical characteristics of groundwater and the composition of newly formed precipitates are critical in the management of modern irrigated agriculture in arid regions. Water samples representing the main aquifers in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia, and solid samples fromthe newly formed precipitates were studied. Results showed that water temperature varied between 30.3-69°C, being higher in the deep aquifer and low in the relatively shallow aquifers. Initial water pH ranged from 6.39-7.92, increasing to 7.65-8.20 at atmospheric conditions. Shallowaquifer waters were categorized into sulfate-type and Cl- or no-dominant type waters, while the deep aquifers were characterized as Cl-type and no-dominant type. Soluble H 4 SiO 4 , soluble Fe and Mn ranged from 3.15 to 18.82, 0.10 to 17.30, and 0.01 to 4 0.32 mg L-¹, respectively. Calculation of saturation indices from water composition at initial, closed and equilibriumconditions indicated that changes in pH and water temperature cause major chemical changes in the water favoring the precipitation of carbonates and Fe-silicates. Data of total chemical analysis indicated that carbonates are present in all samples and constituted up to 976 g kg-¹ of the precipitates formed from the deep aquifer water in the irrigation tubes. Amorphous and/or crystalline Fe compounds were the dominant fractions in the surface crust precipitates, while crystalline Fe compounds was the dominant form in the precipitates in irrigation tubes and in the cooling reservoir. XRD data confirmed that aragonite was the dominant carbonate mineral in the precipitates formed fromthe deep aquifer water. Calcite and Mg-calcite were detected in considerably low quantities. Poorly crystalline Fe-oxide minerals were present in all the precipitate samples. Results suggested that formation of precipitates either in cooling reservoirs or in irrigation systems can be minimized by controlling the degassing through keeping the system closed, lowering the pH through the injection of inorganic acids in the system or both.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117351999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decomposition of a Native Shrub, Piliostigma reticulatum, Litter in Soils of Semiarid Senegal","authors":"M. Diack, M. Sène, A. Badiane, M. Diatta, R. Dick","doi":"10.1080/089030600406626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600406626","url":null,"abstract":"Developing effective management strategies that restore degraded soils requires an evaluation of the quality of the litter residues. This study relates the chemical composition of the biomass components to the decomposition rates for Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst., a native shrub, under field and laboratory conditions. The rates were determined by mass loss. The changes in the specific surface area of the residue in relation to mass loss ranged from 15 X 10 -5 to 45 X 10 -5 which was similar to crop residues in other studies. At field conditions, P. reticulatum mass loss was higher (80% of the initial mass lost over eight months) than that under controlled conditions (50%). Such fast decomposition of residues offers the potential for farmers to stop burning these residues because high amounts of residues will not likely accumulate and cause interference with tillage and planting operations. Further studies are needed on the role of soil fauna on decomposition, mineralization of nutrients from these residues, and the potential for incorporating residues into the system without burning.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114712699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Fodder Trees and Shrubs in the Arid and Semiarid Zones of West Asia and North Africa","authors":"H. N. Le Houérou","doi":"10.1080/089030600263058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600263058","url":null,"abstract":"Utilization of fodder trees and shrubs (FTS) in the Mediterranean arid and semi-arid zones was initiated after World War I and expanded between 1950 and 1970. A similarly slow expansion has taken place in other arid zones in the USA, South Africa, South America, and Australia. Currently in West Asian and North African (WANA) countries, the area planted with native or exotic species is about 10 6 ha. Mainly they include three categories of plant species: cacti, saltbushes, and wattles. At this time there is an expansion of hectareage and a diversi-cation of genetic material. The relative success of FTS has a number of reasons. They are tolerant to drought and have the ability to accumulate green fodder over several seasons, providing fodder reserves for times of dearth and thus permitting a switch from transhumance to sedentary husbandry. Deep rooting enables them to reach water resources unavailable to herbaceous species. Their Rain Use Efficiency (RUE) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) rates provide productivities three to five times higher than rangelands. FTS have a positive impact on soil fertility due to their organic matter production, hence they increase microbial activity, rates of geobiogenic element cycling, and soil structure stabilization. Their above ground biomass, canopy ground cover, provides a microclimatic buffer role for wind, temperature and evapotranspiration, and their landscape roughness factor makes them efficient for erosion and desertification control. Other positive aspects include: the use on non farming land; general suitability for runo farming systems; production of valuable goods, such as food, shade, and firewood; providing wildlife shelter; and other benefits. FTS plantations are subjected, however, to constraints that limit their expansion. Their main shortcomings include the cost of establishment, often not affordable by a small farmer; required long-term planning may not be feasible, as a secure land tenure system often is nonexistent. Appropriate methods of cultivation are not being applied, management, and utilization are lacking, and availability of plant material is limited. Discipline of utilization, allowing regeneration of stands after defoliation is a problem. Identification of constraints indicates needs for research and extension activities. These include reduced-cost of establishment and improved management methods, such as ensuring availability of low-cost seeds and selection of high grade cultivars, and introduction of new high quality exotic species. Additionally, integration into economically feasible and socially acceptable production systems, including joint cultivation with cereal farming and combination with runo farming techniques, should be developed. Legal, regulatory, and administrative incentives are also needed.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122109189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Evaluation of Field and Spatial Remote Sensing Data for Analysis of Vegetation Bio-types in Arid Rangelands, Taznakht, Moroccan Anti-Atlas","authors":"T. Bennouna, A. Nejmeddine, M. Lefèvre, M. Kaemmerer, J. Lacombe, J. Revel","doi":"10.1080/089030600263184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600263184","url":null,"abstract":"In Morocco, as in many other regions of north Africa, desertification is affecting the most sensitive environments such as the rangelands. Demographic expansion, cereal growing, and overgrazing constitute the principal factors of degradation in such regions. The use of satellite data provides an efficient tool for observation and continuous measurement of the biosphere. Our objective is to propose a method for the characterization and mapping of rangelands in arid and desert areas, based on the biophysical reality of the environment (field data). A highly detailed study based on field surveys of the Taznakht basin (Moroccan Anti-Atlas) was carried out to determine rangeland typology. Close relationships were demonstrated between the abiotic environment and the vegetation. The relevant bio-pedo-morphological classes at each site, corresponding to the different types of rangeland, were identified. The cartographic accuracy of these classes was considerably increased by combining the stratification obtained by Visual Interpretation Assisted by Computer of the photofacies of a Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Tene (SPOT) image obtained during the dry period, with a supervised classification of each stratum based on maximum likelihood. This methodological approach was used to develop a simple, robust, and generally applicable model for the efficient correlation of field and remote sensing data.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125876466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper and Zinc Competitive Adsorption: Desorption in Calcareous Soils","authors":"M. Mesquita, J. V. Silva, M. Branco, E. Sequeira","doi":"10.1080/089030600263157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600263157","url":null,"abstract":"The behavior in competitive adsorption-desorption reactions of Cu and Zn was studied in four calcareous soils. Cu and Zn were added to the soil by Cu, Zn, and Cu+Zn sulfate solutions in a CaSO4 background. Soil sorption of these cations was described by equilibrium isotherms that fitted either Freundlich- or Langmuir type equations, although Cu desorption data fitted only Freundlich isotherms. Cu and Zn competition was quantified by distribution coefficients, Kd, relating cation distribution between soil and solute and by the competitive Langmuir equation. The competitive Langmuir equation was the better suited to describe the Cu-Zn competitive adsorption in these soils. Distribution coefficients presented lower values when both cations were present, decreasing when the Cu and Zn concentration in solution increased (decreasing soil affinity for these cations), thereby increasing their mobility through the soil. However, the distribution coefficient of specifically adsorbed Cu in equilibrium with cations extracted by a Mg (NO) solution increased with Cu concentration. Cu adsorption was more depres 3 se 2 d by Zn than Zn adsorption by Cu. The different behavior of Cu and Zn seems dependent on the percentage Ca (CO) and, to a lesser degree, on Cu and Zn organic matter complexes, free iro 3 n 2 content, and surface precipitation on oxides and carbonates.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132323629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Plant Water Relationships in Acacia berlandieri","authors":"H. González RodrÍguez, I. Cantú Silva, M. V. Gómez Meza, W. R. Jordan","doi":"10.1080/08903060050136450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08903060050136450","url":null,"abstract":"In order to assess how plant water potential is related to soil water availability and evaporative demand, determinations of diurnal and seasonal plant water potentials between 23 April 1997, and 22 September 1998, were studied in Acacia berlandieri Benth., a native shrub of the northeastern region of Mexico. Average plant water potentials during the wettest period ranged from-0.37 MPa (predawn, PD) to -2.79 MPa (midday, MD )whereas, during the long, hot, and severe drought period PD and MD water potentials measurements diminished down to -5.9 and -6.8 MPa, respectively. Average diurnal depression of plant water potential (calculated as the difference between midday and predawn water potentials) during the wettest and driest season varied from -2.28 - 0.50 MPa to -0.86 - 0.46 MPa, respectively. An exponential function was found between PD water potential with average soil water content and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Both variables supported about 85% and 66%, respectively, of the variability in PD water potential. PD water potential values were high and relatively constant above soil water content of 0.17 kg kg-¹; below this threshold value the PD water potential declined. Highest positive (r = 0.870) and negative (r = -0.706) correlation coefficients of PD water potential data were observed with soil moisture content at the 20-30cm soil layer and VPD, respectively. MD water potential, VPD, and air temperature explained about 83% of the variation in PD water potential. Soil water content at the 20-30cm soil layer, PD water potential, andrelative humidity described about 82% of the variation in MD water potential. It was concluded A. berlandieri can endure substantial drydown periods and its water relations are strongly associated with soil water content and atmospheric evaporative demand components.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115304527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeding and Mulching Treatments as Conservation Measures of Two Burned Soils in the Central Ebro Valley, NE Spain","authors":"D. Badía, C. Martí","doi":"10.1080/089030600406635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600406635","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of seeding introduced species, with or without straw mulching, was tested as a measure of post-fire erosion control in gypsiferous (Xeric Haplogypsid) and calcareous soils (Xeric Torriorthent) in Central Ebro Valley (NE-Spain). Paired control, seeding, and combined seeding and mulching plots were established in four replicated plots for each soil tested. Seeding rate was 30 g m -2 and straw mulch was applied at 100 g m -2 in each plot. Plant projective cover (total and specific), plant biomass, bare soil cover and sediment yield were determined over a 2-year period. During the first year of sampling, species introduced by seeding increased plant cover (about 30%) without significant differences observed between soils. Plant cover was similar in seeding-only and seeding-mulching treatments, although the latter treatment significantly enhanced plant weight. During the second year these differences disappeared because species introduced by seeding practically did not survive. So, the introduced herbs did not interfere with native plants. Bare soil cover remained significantly lower in treated plots than on the control plots for both soils during both years of sampling. In the second year, the reduction of bare soil was attributed to both the straw mulch and litter from the seeding species. Soil protection was significantly higher in calcareous soils than in gypsiferous soils which is related to their physical and chemical properties. Cumulative sediment yield decreased significantly over time with both treatments on both soils. Soil losses from control plots were three times higher than seeding plots and 3.3 times higher than from seeding and mulching plots in gypsiferous soils. Soil losses from control plots were two times higher than from seeding plots and 2.7 times higher than the combined seeding and mulching plots in the calcareous soils. Cumulative soil loss was higher from the gypsiferous soils than from the calcareous soils due to the lower plant cover.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125147743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-Growth Promotion in Natural Pastures by Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Under Suboptimal Growth Conditions","authors":"R. Itzigsohn, S. Burdman, Y. Okon, E. Zaady, R. Yonatan, A. Perevolotsky","doi":"10.1080/089030600263076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600263076","url":null,"abstract":"Inoculation experiments of natural pastures with the rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense were conducted in Israel in 1996, in two climatically differentiated regions. These experiments were carried out as part of a project with the objective of estimating the potential of the inoculation technique in improving pasture yields. The effects of inoculation with A. brasilense were compared to P-fertilization and to untreated controls. In two semiarid sites, it was generally observed that both the inoculation and the P-fertilization treatments increased pasture yield as measured by dry weight biomass. It was also found that both inoculation and P-fertilization treatments caused an enrichment in legumes relatively to grasses and forbs. Despite the ecological complexity of these sites and the variability of the data, statistical significance was generally achieved. In a more topographically uniform site, located in a typical Mediterranean climate, the positive effects of A. brasilense inoculation in plant-growth were substantially clear, with final yields duplicated in both inoculation and combined (inoculation and P-fertilization) treatments in comparison to P-fertilization alone and untreated controls. The potential of using A. brasilense for growth promotion of natural pastures is discussed.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130154709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nematode Population Dynamics under the Canopy of Desert Halophytes","authors":"W. Liang, Yocheved Pinhasi-Adiv, Hagit Shtultz, Y. Steinberger","doi":"10.1080/089030600263102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/089030600263102","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of soil conditions on nematode populations were investigated in a field study at the Avdat Research Farm, Israel. Soil samples from the upper soil layer (0-10 cm) were collected monthly during November 1997 and October 1998, under the canopy of three halophyte shrubs: Zygophyllum dumousum, Hammadetum scopariae and Reaumuria negevensis. Ecological indices such as fungivore to bac terivore ratio (F/B), ratio of fungivores and bacterivores to plant parasites (WI), trophic diversity (TD) and Shannon index (H') were used to assess and compare the response of nematode populations to the soil conditions. The mean numbers of total nematodes during January 1998 April 1998 were less under Z. dumosum than under H. scoparia, and those of total nematodes during April 1998 October 1998 were higher under R. negevensis than under the control soil. Bacterivores under the three shrubs were the most abundant trophic group. Significant differences were found between months and between treatments for total nematodes, bacterivores and plant parasites. The content of K + exhibited a positive correlation with total nematodes, bacterivores, plant parasites and omnivores-predators, and that of Ca 2+ presented a negative correlation with bacterivores. F/B, WI, TD, and H' were effetive in distinguishing differences in nematode populations during the study period.","PeriodicalId":174966,"journal":{"name":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134261208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}