FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme最新文献

{"title":"Development of an Advanced Vehicle Restraint Systems with Special Consideration of Small Occupants with help of an Adaptive Steering Column","authors":"Felix Bentgens Felix Bentgens, Peter Koenig Peter Koenig, Marco Mueller Marco Mueller, Jaikumar Mayakrishnan Jaikumar Mayakrishnan, Raghavendran Pala Raviramachandran","doi":"10.46720/f2020-pif-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-042","url":null,"abstract":"Research and/ or Engineering Questions/ Objective In the event of an accident, in today's vehicle belt, airbag systems and steering columns absorb the kinetic energy of occupants in front crashes. Most steering columns are equipped with a deformation device, which provides limited forward displacement of the steering wheel when being impacted dynamically by the occupant. As these features perform on fixed force levels, they deform less when loaded with lower energy, so e.g. when impacted by a smaller occupant. So especially for small occupants the maximum available forward displacement is not used, so they will be decelerated on a higher g-levels than needed.Student researchers of Trier University of Applied Sciences, Germany, and Hindustan Institute of Technology and Sciences, India, started a joint research program with support of the German DAAD and investigated solution to provide maximum forward displacement for occupants of all sizes. This solution could improve vehicle safety significantly in Western markets with in average larger people (correlating approx. with 50%ile dummy) as well as Asian markets with an in average smaller population (correlating approx. with 5%ile dummy). In current legislation, safety systems such as the steering column must be validated in tests using 50%ile Hybrid III dummies only. A component simulation model with a standard restraint system was set up using HyperMesh and LS-Dyna to investigate kinematics and injury pattern for all available dummy sizes (5-50-95%ile). For the steering column a damping device was developed allowing adaptive force levels with help of magnetorheological fluids. Various load levels could be developed for the different dummy sizes. The kinetic energy thus could be dissipated over a longer distance so occupant injuries have been reduced. Feasibility studies on the advanced damper have proven the potential of the approach. To date, there is no technical implementation to determine the exact mass of an occupant in a vehicle, therefore only the seat position can be used as indicator for the mass and size. Nevertheless, a progressive absorption characteristic is included which will not load the occupants more than in today's systems. What does the paper offer that is new in the field including in comparison to other work by the authors? Magnetorheological fluids suffer of the problem of sedimentation, so their usage in rarely used restraint systems is critical. The design presented will ensure high level of dilution throughout the vehicle life, what is unique in the market. The solution thus can improve safety for a wide range of occupants in passenger cars and helps minimize or even prevent injuries. The method provides a general approach for an efficient way of improving occupant safety over a wide range of occupant sizes.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124576090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Effects of Fuels and After-Treatment Systems on Formation Process of Particles from Diesel Engines","authors":"Kazutoshi Mori, Jun Kawase, Ryuichi Suzuki","doi":"10.46720/f2020-epv-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-022","url":null,"abstract":"Diesel engines have good potential for improved fuel economy, owing to their high thermal efficiency and fuel diversity. Diesel engines have been developed to address global warming and improve air quality and health around the world. Although particles produced by combustion in the cylinders of a diesel engine are emitted into the atmosphere, they can be dramatically reduced by over 99.9% after being trapped by a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and through the use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) in after-treatment systems. However, the mechanism of the formation of these particles in the cylinders and the exhaust behaviors of the particles after being trapped by the DPF have not yet been clearly explained and the effects of a DOC on the formation of these particles are still not clarified. Thus, this study analyzes particle distributions, particle number, particle components, and exhaust time behavior from an after-treatment system to atmosphere, using JIS2 diesel and biodiesel fuel (BDF). This paper reveals how particles are trapped by a DPF equipped on a diesel engine and emitted through the DPF to the atmosphere, based on detailed measurements of the number of particles. Particle size distributions are analyzed for two DPF types, SiC and cordierite. The effects of the DOC on the formation and exhaust behavior of particles for each type of DPF are also described. This paper presents photographs of particles generated by combustion of JIS2 diesel fuel and BDF and of particles in the tail pipe following an after-treatment system with a DOC and DPF. This paper also shows the diameters of single particles and sizes of aggregated particles exhausted from a diesel engine and emitted following an after-treatment system. Finally, this study proposes a formation process for particles produced by combustion in the cylinders of a diesel engine and emitted following an after-treatment system.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129098926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Shock Absorber Models in Ride Comfort Simulation","authors":"M. Becker, A. Contini, David Benz","doi":"10.46720/f2020-vdc-078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-vdc-078","url":null,"abstract":"\"Modern automotive development processes utilize more and more virtual design and testing methods to increase development efficiency. These methods help coping with challenges like variant diversity, availability of prototypes and testing facilities as well as reproducibility of results. Prerequisite for the application of virtual methods are simulation models of sufficient accuracy. This applies also to the present subject of research, which focuses on the virtual development of passenger car ride comfort behavior by the use advanced simulation models. Full vehicle simulation offers great potential in this field when designing desired vehicle ride and dynamic performance in early development stages, as long as sufficiently accurate models for e.g. tires and suspension components exist. This research points out the particular role of the shock absorber model as one key contributor to overall model fidelity. A comparative analysis has been conducted on shock absorber models of different complexity levels ranging from low resolution lookup-tables over high resolution maps up to advanced semi-physical models which can reproduce friction and gas forces with high precision in order to identify the impact on full vehicle ride comfort behavior. Real vehicle measurements fulfilled the function of references for simulation quality comparison, while selected key performance indicators (KPIs) have been used to quantify the respective model performance. Besides other findings, the research has shown a high impact of model accuracy at the so-called small signal range (ultra-low damper excitation velocities with less than 10 millimeter per second) and at changes in direction of damper movement. On one hand these results may serve as a recommendation for advanced shock absorber model accuracy, but on the other hand they rely heavily on a correctly parametrized simulation framework. While the full vehicle simulation method might not replace classical in-vehicle assessment and tuning, it may complement the development process in several ways. For example, sensitivity analyzes can be carried out, with which the tuner can obtain decisive information for his tuning strategy in the vehicle. Furthermore, this method can also represent a preliminary phase for a possible Hardware-in-the-Loop application that is to be used for (pre-)tuning active dampers under laboratory conditions.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Lateral Control for Different Electric Vehicle Drive and Steering Systems","authors":"Amauri da Silva Junior, C. Birkner, Naveen Shirur","doi":"10.46720/f2020-vdc-075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-vdc-075","url":null,"abstract":"It is necessary to implement a stable and robust longitudinal and lateral motion control for autonomous vehicles to follow the trajectory precisely, and especially crucial for emergency scenarios to avoid a crash or to minimize the crash severities. Automated driving vehicles have the possibility of different, mainly electric drive configuration as well as different steering systems. At the same time, lateral control is a requirement to achieve the desired vehicle's behavior. Within this scope, the objective of this paper is to develop a simplified and flexible lateral control that can be applied to the most current vehicle's drive and steering combination, reaching the vehicle's preferred behavior by adapting a reduced number of parameters. A complete vehicle dynamics simulation model in Matlab/Simulink is used to establish lateral control. A driver model is included to perform the necessary closed-loop test maneuvers and to calculate the necessary input parameters of the controller based on the environmental and vehicle constructive characteristics. After setting the desired path, the lateral control defines the optimum steering angle accordingly by using an improved path previewing approach. This approach makes use of look-ahead observation fields between the desired and the actual path, combined with a control strategy to correct the vehicle's center of gravity error. The performance of the lateral control is evaluated against different vehicle architectures. It includes a car with three possible powered electrical drive systems (all in-wheel, front-wheel, and rear-wheel drive) and three steering configurations (front-parallel, front-Ackermann and four-wheel steering). The results reveal that the parameters of the lateral control have a substantial influence on the gap between the actual and desired path. The path preview approach enables the quantity and property tuning of the look-ahead observation fields, which can result either in an aggressive or a smooth maneuver. Among the investigated architectures, the four-wheel steering with all in-wheel drive leads to the fastest response in an emergency scenario.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123944199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Hydrogen in a Combustion Engine with an Advanced Combustion","authors":"J. Vavra, Z. Syrovátka, M. Takáts","doi":"10.46720/f2021-caf-034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-caf-034","url":null,"abstract":"A hydrogen fueled experimental single cylinder engine with cylinder displacement 375 cm3 was tested in steady state operation on an engine test bed. The engine was operated in a low-temperature combustion mode with a lean mixture with the air excess ratio between 2.6 and 3.0. In this way, the engine was able to operate free of irregular combustion phenomena. At the same time, the engine reaches high thermal efficiency. Molar fraction of NOx below 10 ppm was achieved within the whole range of operational points. Low-temperature combustion therefore shows a potential to comply with contemporary as well as future limits of NOx emission without exhaust gas aftertreatment. Specific emission of CO2 even involving the CO2 inflow into the intake air was lowered by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art automotive diesel engines. Emissions of other gaseous pollutants as well as the emission of particulate matter were negligible.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"64 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123390383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child Presence Detection: Sensing technology solutions to detect unattended children in passenger cars (VitaSense) and school busses (LiDAS)","authors":"Thierry Mousel Thierry Mousel, Peter Larsen Peter Larsen","doi":"10.46720/f2020-pif-057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-057","url":null,"abstract":"\"The topic of children dying of heat stroke in vehicles has gained increasing attention in recent years. Euro NCAP has added Child Presence Detection on its Roadmap 2025, ASEAN NCAP has a similar initiative and the US Congress is currently debating a dedicated HOT CARS bill, with all initiatives aiming at reducing the risk of heat stroke fatalities in vehicles. In the US alone, there have been 849 known fatal incidents since 1998, with 2018 and 2019 having been record years with 53 respectively 52 children dying in hot cars. In-vehicle heat related fatalities occur almost anywhere in the world, and any vehicle category can be concerned. Recent child deaths in US school buses led to legal settlements exceeding 23 million dollars. About 75% of the children that die in vehicles are younger than 3 years. So, when thinking about a sensing solution that can detect their presence, one has to take into consideration that they are frequently sleeping. IEE has developed a radiofrequency-based sensing technology that is sensitive enough to detect the breathing motion of sleeping infants. After the driver locks the vehicle, the sensor typically detects presence in a few seconds. This presence information is then communicated to the vehicle, which can trigger and escalate various warnings, or initiate countermeasures, depending on its capabilities (visual/audible alerts, messages to smartphone, etc.). IEE offers two different sensing solutions to address the issue: - VitaSense: tailored for passenger cars, detects the presence of an unattended child (or animal) after the driver has left the vehicle. Serial development for market introduction late 2020. - LiDAS (Life Detection Assistance System): using a network of sensors for larger vehicles such a school bus. Retrofit solution tailored to the various needs of (school) bus fleet operators. US school districts are currently running test fleet pilot studies. Starting 2022, VitaSense can improve the Euro NCAP vehicle safety rating. Child Presence Detection will contribute with up to 4 points to the child safety category. The CPD protocol is currently under development, and a robust detection solution will be needed in order to get a significant fraction of the available points. Contrary to the known “check rear seat” alerts only assuming that there might be a child, VitaSense only triggers alerts if an occupant is actually detected, preventing a false positives perception or a habituation effect due to too frequent unnecessary alerts. LiDAS has been derived from the VitaSense concept, with the dedicated aim to be used in vehicles transporting larger numbers of children (large vans, school buses). There are numerous examples of children inadvertently being left on a bus or van after the driver left, even if drivers had the duty to check that the bus was empty before leaving. A network of sensors is installed above the seat benches, with the number of sensors adapted to the size of the vehicle. The sensing, notifi","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126001824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Serial-parallel Hybrid Powertrain Concept for a Heavy Duty Truck","authors":"Theodoros Kossioris, Joschka Schaub, M. Ehrly, J. Maiterth, Ruben Keizer, Dieter an der Put","doi":"10.46720/f2021-epv-078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-epv-078","url":null,"abstract":"According to latest European Union (EU) findings, CO2 emissions from heavy duty vehicles, including lorries, buses and coaches, account for about 6 % of the total CO2 emissions in the Union and to about 25 % of the total CO2 emissions from road transport. It is expected that without further measures, the share of CO2 emissions from heavy duty vehicles will increase by around 9 % between 2010 and 2030. The constant growth in demand for on-road transport underlines the urgency of cleaner and more fuel-efficient global on-road transport vehicles fleets. In February 2019, the EU finally decided to set CO2 limits for on-road commercial vehicles for the first time. Legislation requires a 15 % CO2 reduction scenario in 2025 and a 30 % CO2 reduction scenario in 2030 based on the 2019 baseline fleet. Most heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) are nowadays powered by diesel engines. Diesel powertrain hybridization has demonstrated its ability to significantly reduce the fuel consumption and thus the CO2 emissions in various medium duty and heavy duty applications. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study to evaluate the fuel savings potential of a serial-parallel hybrid heavy duty truck. The innovative configuration consists of a transmission with a reduced number of gears and parts designed to achieve a good compromise between system losses and weight. The two electric machines integrated into the dedicated hybrid transmission system enable three different driving modes, namely electric driving with one or two electric machines, serial driving and a parallel mode. The fuel economy results as well as the tailpipe pollutant emissions are compared with a conventional powertrain and a parallel hybrid (P2) configuration in different operating profiles. A future emissions legislation scenario is therefore introduced. Optimal sizing of the electrical components of the hybrid configurations (battery and electric machines) will be considered. Also, the total purely electric driving range of the electrified powertrains will be compared to current industrial benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121739585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Control Strategy Research on Reduction of High-Frequency Noise and Vibration for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor","authors":"Lulu Wei Lulu Wei, Fangwu Ma Fangwu Ma, Hongbin Yin, Liang Wu, Hui Gao","doi":"10.46720/f2020-mcf-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mcf-002","url":null,"abstract":"The electric vehicles are fast developed as the demand for energy conservation and environment protection. The permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are widely used in electric vehicles because of their high efficiency. However, due to the DC/AC inverter with fixed switching frequency was used to drive the PMSM, high-frequency vibration and acoustic noise were generated in the PMSM. And the frequency at which vibration and noise are generated is related to the switching frequency of the inverter and its integral multiple. Spread spectrum theory shows that the energies of a fixed high-frequency spectrum can be distributed into a wide range of frequencies. Therefore the concentrated energies can be weakened. This theory can be complied with the PMSM control strategy to help to reduce the high-frequency vibration and noise. This paper presents control strategies with changing the switching frequency in order to reduce the vibration and noise of the electric motor. Firstly, four control strategies with different switching frequency: fixed switching frequency (FSF), periodic switching frequency (PSF), random switching frequency (RSF) and hybrid switching frequency (HSF) are modelled and simulated by MATLAB-Simulink. During this process of simulation, the influence from the modulate rate and spread width to the reduction of harmonic amplitude was detailedly analyzed. Secondly, these four control strategies are implemented by the dSPACE MicroAutoBoxⅡfor the rapid control prototyping (RCP) test. Thirdly, the vibration and noise tests of the PMSM are complied in the semi-anechoic chamber using software and devices from the LMS Test. Lab. Finally, the results of simulation and tests are compared and analyzed. Based on the simulation and test results, these three optimized control strategies can suppress the high frequency current harmonic amplitude significantly and the noise and vibration reduction difference among them are not apparently. Comprehensive analysis shows that the random and hybrid switching frequency control strategy proves to achieve better the goal of reducing the amplitude of high-frequency vibration and noise.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131061371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Mission Profile Based Simulation Methodology for Fuel Consumption Prediction and Validation for Light, Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles","authors":"Sumant Gijare, Karthick K, S. Juttu, S. Thipse, A. Badusha, J. Melin","doi":"10.46720/f2020-epv-047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-047","url":null,"abstract":"\"The very main objective for any innovative process to begin is the necessity. In doing so, the need of the automobile sector is mainly focused on passenger safety, comfort, reliability and above all the most defining factor would be to reduce fuel consumption (FC). In view of the Paris climate agreement in December 2015 and India’s commitment towards the ratification of the agreement to reduce the emission intensity of the GDP by 33%-35% by 2030 below 2005 levels and to create a cumulative carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion CO2 equivalent by 2030 about 36% compared to the 1990's levels, it is imperative to lay down strong policies and procedure to curb the fuel consumption and thereby reducing the carbon foot print. The growing imports on crude oil and the increasing CO2 emission per capita activity are major concern for authorities. In India one of the key sector which is responsible for the Greenhouse Gas Emission(GHG) contribution is transportation sector, of which road transportation alone contributes nearly 73% of overall GHG’s emission. Further bifurcation, it was found that the highest contribution of CO2 emission is from commercial vehicles, although the sales figures for this segment just hover around 4% of the overall annual sales volume of all vehicles. In view of the above factors, the regulation to bring a very robust methodology for the CO2 monitoring of commercial vehicle above Gross Vehicle Weight of 3.5-ton and possibility of making it a mandatory procedure is in progress. The fuel consumption measurement approach by simulation methodology shall be a substitute for the present legislation on constant speed fuel consumption (CSFC) where, the FC test would be carried only for defined speeds of 40,50 and 60 km/hr. As most of the countries like US, EU, Japan, China and Canada have moved towards mission profile based simulation for FC certification. India has also initiated the measures for simulation based FC prediction. As a precursor for simulation based FC prediction, in this paper we have followed a methodology which is comparable to the present FC prediction and monitoring procedure available in Europe. This pilot project involves strenuous testing of all the individual components of a vehicle as per defined methodology. With these inputs, we carried out simulation and compared with the real world fuel consumption. The results of the study revealed variations in the simulation compared to on-road test results. These deviations were due to the default table values in the software that are in-built which are more suited for the European conditions than for Indian conditions. To make the simulation tool more compatible with Indian driving and road conditions, it is proposed to have detailed study on vehicle acceleration limit, deceleration limit, gear shift pattern, driver behavior, auxiliary power consumption and above all, to formulate India specific mission profile which would be more relevant for bringing a more holistic fuel c","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130720560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualisation of body deformation during collision using X-rays","authors":"A. Nakata, P. Bösl, F. Kase, T. Hashimoto, S. Shibata, Y. Léost, I. Butz, T. Soot, M. Kurfiss, S. Moser, J. Fritsch, S. Nau","doi":"10.46720/f2021-pif-067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-pif-067","url":null,"abstract":"\"The passive safety of a vehicle is controlled mainly by passenger restraint systems (seatbelt, airbag, etc.) and body crashworthiness. Currently, while simulation is fully utilized to design a whole vehicle and to predict its performance, conducting actual vehicle collision testing is still necessary to prove vehicle safety performance. Although passenger safety can be confirmed and evaluated dynamically during the collision through many sensors attached to dummies, it is challenging to observe vehicle performance in detail during a collision. Especially with respect to a body-in-white, in spite of its high contribution to the crashworthiness, little information can be obtained from currently existing measuring methods during a collision. Therefore, post-collision measurement is often used to validate crashworthiness performance, however it does not validate dynamic performance directly. This paper introduces an approach to observation of in-crash vehicle body deformation via X-ray. Due to its characteristics to pass through objects, X-ray enables interior observation during a collision. The target object for observation was toeboard deformation under IIHS Small Overlap Offset test, because this part strongly affects leg injuries, but cannot be seen directly during a collision using cameras. A static X-ray experiment was conducted first to optimisze the X-ray setup in order to provideensure maximal visibility of the toeboard. Lead markers were set at each measuring point on the toeboard to enable allocation of these points on the X-ray image. As it was very challenging to conduct the Small Overlap Offset test at the sled facility with a high-speed X-ray system, an alternative test condition, called “reverse Small Overlap Offset” was developed. According to physical laws, it was found that causing a moving barrier to collide with a static vehicle can demonstrate results similar to those of an actual Small Overlap test, if the barrier and the vehicle weights have been adjusted so that energy absorption by the vehicle matches between the two cases. Simulation was used to confirm the validity of the test configuration. Positioning of the X- ray source and detector, as well as design of a running barrier, were also conducted through simulation. The newly designed moving barrier was prototyped and the tests were conducted while only a few X-ray images could be taken due to the limitation of the energy source. Nevertheless, the deformation of the toeboard was able to be observed and measured quantitatively. Traditional post-crash measurement was also conducted to confirm the equivalence of the reverse crash mode to a Small Overlap test. The test result was compared with the simulation result to validate the precision of the simulation. Through the research and the actual test, it was proved that the dynamic observation of body deformation is possible using X-ray technology. With further enhancement of the technology, test results similar to those from ","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128815981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}