{"title":"The Influence Factors on Ethereum Transaction Fees","authors":"G. A. Pierro, Henrique Rocha","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00010","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethereum blockchain, the user needs to set a Gas price to get a transaction processed and approved by Miners. To have the transaction executed, the Gas price has to be greater than or equal to the lowest Ethereum transaction fees. This paper presents a set of data sampled every 15 seconds, from 1 December 2018 to 15 December 2018, coming from different blockchain web APIs. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether and to what extent different variables - such as the number of pending transactions, the value of the USD/Ether pair, average electricity prices around the world, and the number of miners - influence the Ethereum transaction fees. This study is relevant from an economic perspective because more and more companies in different economic fields are adopting Ethereum blockchain. From historical data analysis, we found that only some of these variables do have an influence. For example, the number of pending transactions and the number of miners have a major influence on Ethereum transaction fees when compared to the other variables.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116004224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ensure Traceability in European Food Supply Chain by Using a Blockchain System","authors":"Gavina Baralla, A. Pinna, Giacomo Corrias","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a generic agri-food supply chain traceability system based on blockchain technology implementing the \"from-farm-to-fork\" (F2F) model currently used in the European Union, which can integrate current traceability rules and processes. The proposed system allows the consumer to reconstruct the product history up to the origin in order to verify product health and quality by simple QR code scan. The blockchain chosen for this purpose is Hyperledger Sawtooth, issued with writing permissions and rules to guarantee access only to members recognized as legitimate participants in the process. The whole system has been realized according to an agile methodology (ABCDE), recently devised for designing a general blockchain system with software engineering practices by mean of User Stories and UML diagrams, in order to obtain a higher software quality. All of the involved operators are able to identify any participants along the entire supply chain, increasing the degree of trust between organizations and individuals, with autonomous management of temporal sequence of activities.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129371814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kapil Singi, Vikrant S. Kaulgud, R. Bose, Sanjay Podder
{"title":"CAG: Compliance Adherence and Governance in Software Delivery Using Blockchain","authors":"Kapil Singi, Vikrant S. Kaulgud, R. Bose, Sanjay Podder","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00011","url":null,"abstract":"The software development life cycle (SDLC) starts with business and functional specifications signed with a client. In addition to this, the specifications also capture policy / procedure / contractual / regulatory / legislation / standard compliances with respect to a given client industry. The SDLC must adhere to service level agreements (SLAs) while being compliant to development activities, processes, tools, frameworks, and reuse of open-source software components. In today's world, global software development happens across geographically distributed (autonomous) teams consuming extraordinary amounts of open source components drawn from a variety of disparate sources. Although this is helping organizations deal with technical and economic challenges, it is also increasing unintended risks, e.g., use of a non-complaint license software might lead to copyright issues and litigations, use of a library with vulnerabilities pose security risks etc. Mitigation of such risks and remedial measures is a challenge due to lack of visibility and transparency of activities across these distributed teams as they mostly operate in silos. We believe a unified model that non-invasively monitors and analyzes the activities of distributed teams will help a long way in building software that adhere to various compliances. In this paper, we propose a decentralized CAG - Compliance Adherence and Governance framework using blockchain technologies. Our framework (i) enables the capturing of required data points based on compliance specifications, (ii) analyzes the events for non-conformant behavior through smart contracts, (iii) provides real-time alerts, and (iv) records and maintains an immutable audit trail of various activities.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":" 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114053212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kassab, J. Defranco, T. Malas, Giuseppe Destefanis, V. V. G. Neto
{"title":"Investigating Quality Requirements for Blockchain-Based Healthcare Systems","authors":"M. Kassab, J. Defranco, T. Malas, Giuseppe Destefanis, V. V. G. Neto","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00014","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare is a data-intensive domain, once a considerable amount of data is daily produced due to monitoring patients, managing identities, producing medical records and processing medical insurance claims. Hence, security, besides other quality requirements, is prominent to preserve the confidentiality and integrity of such data. Blockchain technology has received attention as a mean to support secure transactions and records, including in the healthcare domain. The main contribution of this paper is providing preliminary results of an investigation on the recent literature on how the inherent characteristics of blockchain can enhance or hinder particular quality requirements in healthcare systems. We provide a preliminary analysis of five essential quality requirements for healthcare domain, besides pointing for advances that must still be achieved.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129767361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eirik Harald Lund, M. L. Jaccheri, Jingyue Li, Orges Cico, Xiaoying Bai
{"title":"Blockchain and Sustainability: A Systematic Mapping Study","authors":"Eirik Harald Lund, M. L. Jaccheri, Jingyue Li, Orges Cico, Xiaoying Bai","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainability is a topic of increasing interest. The United Nations has released a list of 17 goals for sustainable development for the global community. Blockchain is a recent technological innovation that shows great promise in changing industries. In this paper, we look specifically at smart grids and supply chain management systems as areas where sustainable technological innovation can happen. To identify software engineering aspects of blockchain in smart grids and supply chain management, we start upon online libraries focusing on engineering and information technology, and we opted for the methodology of systematic mapping studies in software engineering. The search strategy identified 535 papers, of which 60 were identified as main studies for our mapping. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous similar studies exist. Results of the study show that the research connecting blockchain technology to smart grids and supply chain management systems is still young. None of the techniques or systems have yet been implemented in a real life setting. As such, more work has to be done before we can look at the actual implications of putting such technologies into use. Software engineering practices could prove to be very useful in the process of development. We propose that future studies can focus on bringing the technologies closer to real life implementations, as well as how to involve the end users in the development of the blockchain-based systems.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123676798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Title Page iii","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/wetseb.2019.00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wetseb.2019.00002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115212725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Santiago Bragagnolo, Matteo Marra, G. Polito, E. G. Boix
{"title":"Towards Scalable Blockchain Analysis","authors":"Santiago Bragagnolo, Matteo Marra, G. Polito, E. G. Boix","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00007","url":null,"abstract":"Analysing the blockchain is becoming more and more relevant for detecting attacks and frauds on cryptocurrency exchanges and smart contract activations. However, this is a challenging task due to the continuous growth of the blockchain. For example, in early 2017 Ethereum was estimated to contain approximately 300GB of data [1], a number that keeps growing day after day. In order to analyse such ever-growing amount of data, this paper argues that blockchain analysis should be treated as a novel type of application for Big Data platforms. In this paper we explore the application of parallelization techniques from the Big Data domain, in particular Map/Reduce, to extract and analyse information from the blockchain. We show that our approach significantly improves the index generation by 7.77 times, with a setup of 20 worker nodes, 1 Ethereum node and 1 Database node. We also share our findings of our massively parallel setup for querying Ethereum in terms of architecture and the bottlenecks. This should help researchers setup similar infrastructures for analysing the blockchain in the future.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116232152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J. Coblenz, Joshua Sunshine, Jonathan Aldrich, B. Myers
{"title":"Smarter Smart Contract Development Tools","authors":"Michael J. Coblenz, Joshua Sunshine, Jonathan Aldrich, B. Myers","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Much recent work focuses on finding bugs and security vulnerabilities in smart contracts written in existing languages. Although this approach may be helpful, it does not address flaws in the underlying programming language, which can facilitate writing buggy code in the first place. We advocate a re-thinking of the blockchain software engineering tool set, starting with the programming language in which smart contracts are written. In this paper, we propose and justify requirements for a new generation of blockchain software development tools. New tools should (1) consider users' needs as a primary concern; (2) seek to facilitate safe development by detecting relevant classes of serious bugs at compile time; (3) as much as possible, be blockchain-agnostic, given the wide variety of different blockchain platforms available, and leverage the properties that are common among blockchain environments to improve safety and developer effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124766365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Slither: A Static Analysis Framework for Smart Contracts","authors":"Josselin Feist, Gustavo Grieco, Alex Groce","doi":"10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes Slither, a static analysis framework designed to provide rich information about Ethereum smart contracts. It works by converting Solidity smart contracts into an intermediate representation called SlithIR. SlithIR uses Static Single Assignment (SSA) form and a reduced instruction set to ease implementation of analyses while preserving semantic information that would be lost in transforming Solidity to bytecode. Slither allows for the application of commonly used program analysis techniques like dataflow and taint tracking. Our framework has four main use cases: (1) automated detection of vulnerabilities, (2) automated detection of code optimization opportunities, (3) improvement of the user's understanding of the contracts, and (4) assistance with code review. In this paper, we present an overview of Slither, detail the design of its intermediate representation, and evaluate its capabilities on real-world contracts. We show that Slither's bug detection is fast, accurate, and outperforms other static analysis tools at finding issues in Ethereum smart contracts in terms of speed, robustness, and balance of detection and false positives. We compared tools using a large dataset of smart contracts and manually reviewed results for 1000 of the most used contracts.","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129999851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"WETSEB 2019 Committees","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/wetseb.2019.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wetseb.2019.00006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":174769,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128703083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}