Journal of Tropical Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Structural Changes are More Important than Compositional Changes in Driving Biomass Loss in Ugandan Forest Fragments","authors":"C. Bulafu, D. Barang, A. Eycott, P. Mucunguzi, R. Telford, V. Vandvik","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I2.1840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I2.1840","url":null,"abstract":"Aboveground biomass (AGB) contained in privately-owned forests is less frequently measured than in forest reserves despite their greater likelihood of degradation. We demonstrate how density changes in contrast to species compositional changes have driven AGB changes in privately-owned fragments in Uganda over two decades. Data on tree assemblages in fragments were obtained by resampling a 1990 dataset in 2010 and AGB estimated using generalised allometric equation that incorporates diameter at breast height (DBH) and species-specific wood density. AGB were highly variable between fragments and over time. Structural changes contributed a higher proportion of change in AGB than species compositional changes in all forests. Non-pioneer species constituted over 50% of AGB in reserve forest, in contrast to private forests where pioneer species dominated. Our study demonstrates the potential of private forests to hold comparable AGB to plantation. Reduction in exploitation pressure is required if fragments are to mitigate carbon emissions.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85551884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Floristic Diversity between a Silviculturally Managed Arboretum and a Forest Reserve in Dambulla, Sri Lanka","authors":"B. Madurapperuma, P. Oduor, K. Kuruppuarachchi, D. N. N. Wijayawardene, J. Munasinghe","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I2.1839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I2.1839","url":null,"abstract":"Repeated slash and burn cultivation creates wasteland with thorny shrubs, which then takes a long time to become secondary forests through serial stages of succession. Assisted natural regeneration through silvicultural management is a useful restoration method to accelerate succession. This survey evaluates the effectiveness of a simple silvicultural method for the rehabilitation of degraded lands to productive forest, thereby increasing floristic wealth. Field-based comparative analyses of floristic composition were carried out at a silviculturally managed forest (Popham Arboretum) and a primary forest (Kaludiyapokuna Forest Reserve) which is located in Dambulla in Sri Lanka. Floristic analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of silvicultural techniques for successful restoration of degraded forest in the dry zone. Nine 20 m × 20 m plots in each forest were enumerated and the vegetation ≥ 10 cm girth at breast height was quantitatively analyzed. Cluster analysis resulted in five distinguishable clusters (two from Popham Arboretum and three from Kaludiyapokuna Forest Reserve). Similarity indices were generated to compare the plots within and between sites. Floristic similarity was higher in forest reserve plots compared to arboretum plots. A total of 72 plant species belonging to 60 genera and 26 families were recorded from the study sites. Of the recorded species, Grewia damine and Syzygium cumini (Importance Value Index, IVI = 24 and 23 respectively) were the ecologically co-dominant taxa at the Popham Arboretum. In contrast, Mischodon zeylanicus (IVI = 31), Schleichera oleosa (IVI = 25) and Diospyros ebenum (IVI = 21) were the abundant taxa in the forest reserve.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79613190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of the contribution of an analog forest as a sustainable land-use ecosystem for the development of rural green economy in Sri Lanka.","authors":"W. Liyanage, N. Gamage, G. Kumara, Lai Xulong","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1118","url":null,"abstract":"Large scale clearing of natural forests for human settlements as well as in the form of tea, rubberand cinnamon plantations resulted forest fragmentation in most natural ecosystems in the wet zone of SriLanka which posed massive threats to both nature and the humans including the loss of biodiversity,environmental hazards and increasing poverty. This paper discusses about the potential to develop ruralgreen economy as a result of consolidating these agricultural lands into analog forests as a sustainableland use practice. Bangamukande Estate, a man-made analog forest in Galle District was selected for thisassessment. Participatory rural appraisal methods were used to obtain information on resource utilizationby the local community in nearby villages. Secondary data of the long term analog forestry establishmentprogramme were also used for analysis the livelihood changes of the people due to the impacts thissystem. Various interventions had been made to address the issues such as encouraging local farmers tocultivate timber, fruits, spices and medicinal plants, paying them for the environmental services theyrender and enhancing their income through green employment. The introduction of new sustainableagricultural activities such as bee keeping and planting fruits resulted in the production of value addedfarm products and organic fruits to be sold in the market. Through environmental based tourism activitiessuch as providing food and accommodation, eco-guidance, and assisting environmental research, thestakeholders are earning a better income supporting the development of a green economy in the country.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85338626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeoclimate Change during Glacial Periods Evidence from Sri Lanka","authors":"J. Katupotha","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1122","url":null,"abstract":"In the Earth's history, there were five major glaciations, namely, Huronian (2,300 Ma), Cryogenianor SturtianVarangian(850�635 Ma), AndeanSaharan (460�430 Ma, Karoo (360�260 Ma) and the Quaternary (2.58 Ma to Present) that occurred between 2,300 Ma and 0.0114 Ma. It is revealed that Gondwanaland emerged between the Huronian glaciation (2300�2100 Ma) in the Paleoproterozoic Era and the AndeanSaharan glaciation (460�420 Ma) in t he Early Paleozoic Era. During this time, most continental land masses were clustered in the southern hemisphere, and Sri Lanka was part of the Gondwanaland landmass comprising present day Africa, Madagascar, India and Antarctica. Within the Ordovician (485.4�445.2Ma) to Permian Periods (299. 0�254.2 Ma) there were signs of the breaking up of Gondwanaland resulting in the severing of India and Sri Lanka together and subsequently Sri Lanka from India. By end of the Permian Period (260 Ma) Karoo Glaciation had ended and the present Mannar Basin developed within a deep canyon (about 4�7 km deep) on the Precambrian basement. Although the island of Sri Lanka presently lies in the Indian Ocean between 5 o 52´N�9 o 54´N and 79 o 30´E�81 o 55´E, to the southwest of Bay of Bengal and southeast of Arabian Sea, it was positioned within 67 o S�65 o S and 34 o E�43 o E during the Lower and Middle Jurassic Era (201.3�1 66.1 Ma). Huge rocky blocks (erratic boulders) have been transported to different places by continental ice sheets due to climatic changes in the Permian, Triassic and Jurassic Periods, but erratic pebbles (2 to 8 cm or more in size) and streams fed deposits have been transported by glacifluvial processes. These glaciofluvial processes occurred on four occasions during the Jurassic Period and Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene Epochs on Sri Lankan landmass, which fallowed the climatic changes and sea level fluctuations that broke up the sedimentary beds, initiating establishment of the present topography and structural configuration. As a result, the earlier sedimentary deposits were obliterated from greater part of Sri Lanka. During the Quaternary Period the erosional rate increased and the resultant erratic boulders along with glaciofluvialdeposits can still be found on \"Planated Surfaces\"of Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75998052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sandalwood Research: A Global Perspective","authors":"S. Subasinghe","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1117","url":null,"abstract":"Sandalwood is a commercially and culturally important plant species belonging to the familySantalaceae and the genus Santalum. Sandalwood oil extracted from the heartwood has been used forperfumery, medicinal, religious and cultural purposes over centuries of years. In addition to oil, the woodand its powder are used for religious, cultural and medicinal purposes especially in the Asian and Arabregions. There are around 18 sandalwood species belonging to the genus Santalum which are; S.freycinetianum, S. haleakalae, S. ellipticum, S. peniculatum, S. pyrularium, S. involutum, S. boninese, S.insulare, S. austrocaledonicum, S. yasi, S. macgregorii, S. accuminatum, S. murrayanum, S. obtusifolium,S. lanceolatum, S. fernandezianum, S. salicifolium and S. spicatum. All the sandalwood species areidentified as obligate wood hemi-parasites which means they absorb certain nutrients such as phosphatesand nitrates from the host trees via root connections called haustoria.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73682082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Floristic Composition of Home-garden Systems in Dumbara (Knuckles) Conservation Area with an emphasis on Endemic Species","authors":"D. Dissanayake, P. Hettiarachchi","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1120","url":null,"abstract":"Home gardens are multistoried ecosystems and are important not only for in-situ biodiversityconservation, but also as valuable food sources, fodder, medicine and spices. The main objective ofthis study was to make decisions about the variations of home garden composition and to identify theendemic species. Fifty five home gardens were studied in northern flank from January to April 2012.Two large (10x10m2) and four small (1x1m2) quadrates were studied in each home garden. Individuals≥ 1.5 m height and ≥ 1 cm DBH were measured to calculate IVI. Species identification was done onsite and further at the National Herbarium, Peradeniya. Total of 1335 individual woody-perennials and4603 herbs were found in 11,000 m2 of study area. One hundred and fifty two woody-perennial species(19 endemic, 44 naturalized exotics, 37 cultivated and 52 timber) under 54 families and 56 herbspecies (46 medicinal) belonging to 33 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae was the dominantfamily with 15 species, followed by Fabaceae (11 species), Anacardiaceae (10 species), Rutaceae (10species), Myrtaceae (7 species), Rubiaceae (6 species), Arecaceae (6 species), Moraceae (5 species),Sapindaceae (4 species) and Zingiberaceae (4 species). Highest number of plant families (43) wasrecorded in Pitawala, while the lowest number of plant families was recorded in Polommana (24).Based on the Importance Value Index (IVI), the species to pay highest priority for conservation wereselected. According to Shannon diversity values for different villages, Rathninda is the most stable andless disturbed, whereas Polommana is the most unstable and highly disturbed village. There were fiveendemic Anacardiaceae species (Campnosperma zeylanicum, Mangifera zeylanica, Semecarpuscoriaceae, Semecarpus nigro-viridis, Semecarpus walkeri). Twelve percent of the studied populationwere interested in timber trees such as Tectona grandis, Melia azedarach, Swietenia macrophylla andChloroxylon swietenia. Twelve percent of the studied population preferred fruit trees while 5% wereinterested in some medicinal plants. Preference of this nature indicates that in the future, the plantdiversity in these home gardens is likely to decline considerably. This might even lead to theextinction of rare, endemic plant species. Therefore, people in northern flank encouraged toincorporate multipurpose endemic plants and plants with less IVI values in their home gardens inorder to maintain high diversity and to conserve endemic and relatively rare plants while gainingsubstantial income through their home gardens. Keywords: Northern Flank, Home gardens, Conservation, Woody-perennials, Endemic species","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79429863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition of Mix Species Foraging Flocks of Birds in Riverstan of Montane Region, Sri Lanka","authors":"W.G.D.D.M. Shermila, S. Wikramasinghe","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1123","url":null,"abstract":"Montane zone mixed-species bird flock system is distinct from that of low-land wet zone of Sri Lanka, although some species are present in both systems. The present study identified the mixed species flocks of birds in Riverstan at Knuckles Region, Sri Lanka. Monthly transect counts and opportunistic observations were made between January and May, 2012. A total of 7 8 flocks and 27 bird species were encounter ed at Riverstan during the study period. The flock size varied between 2 to 13 species and 4 to 58 individuals. The mean number of species per flock was 6.03 ± 2.25 and the mean number of individuals in a flock was 18.41±9.87. The flock size was positively correlated with the number of species present (r = 0.756, P <0.05). Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher was the most abundant species (mean 2.68±1.02 birds per flocks) while Sri Lanka White-eye was the most frequent species (mean 5.69±3.92 birds per flocks). Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher and Sri Lanka Scimitar-babbler were the nuclear species in Riverstan. The leading species were Sri Lanka white-eye and Sri Lanka Yellow-eared Bulbul. Different bird species used different heights within flocks.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89195754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mella (Olax zeylanica) Leaves as an Eco-friendly Repellent for Storage Insect Pest Management","authors":"H. Fernando, M. Karunaratne","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1124","url":null,"abstract":"Among the cereals, rice is the most important staple food supplying energy requirements for mostof the worlds’ population. However during storage a loss of about 10-20% rice grains occurs due to storedgrain pests. Repellents are considered as the best source of protection against insect attack upon storedproducts as they have potential for the exclusion of stored product pests from grain, and therebypreventing insect feeding and oviposition on food materials. Various plant materials have been utilizedeffectively through time as safe and ecofriendly insect pest control measures due to their repellentactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of powdered leaves and leaf extractsof Olax zeylanica as repellents against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. All the experiments were carriedout under laboratory conditions using 1-7 day old unsexed adults. Four different doses (1.0g, 3.0g, 5.0gand 7.0g).of powdered leaves were tested for fumigant repellency in a dual-choice bio-assay apparatus.Repellent action of leaf extracts was evaluated by means of an area preference test using methanol,ethanol and n- hexane as solvents. Repellent effect of powdered leaves against the adult rice weevils wasfound to be significantly high (P< 0.05) at all doses. The highest repellent effect was produced by 7.0g ofleaf powder resulting in repellency of 97%, while the lowest dose (1.0g) also elicited more than 50%repellency in weevils indicating a very strong repellent action of the powdered leaves. In comparison,methanol extract of leaves produced the highest repellent effect (96%) on weevils whereas n-hexaneextract elicited the lowest. Nevertheless, at higher concentrations all three extracts produced more or lesssignificantly similar repellent effect on the weevils. The findings of the present study suggest that certainactive materials of Olax zeylanica leaves have potential to act as a grain protectant and may be exploitedfor the control of Sitophilus oryzae in rice storage in an environment-friendly way. Keywords: Olax zeylanica, Sitophilus oryzae, Repellent effect, Stored rice","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75390092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought Induced Fine Root Growth and Canopy Green-up of Tropical Dry Zone Vegetations in Sri Lanka","authors":"K. Kuruppuarachchi, G. Seneviratne, B. Madurapperuma","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V3I1.1119","url":null,"abstract":"Fine roots in forest soils have important implications for global carbon (C) balance, but processes underlying this C sink are not well understood. This study evaluates year round dynamics of fine roots in a tropical dry mixed evergreen forest and an arboretum in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Monthly soil core samples (up to 25 cm depth) were collected randomly to cover a whole annual cycle of the two sites. The soils were air dried, sieved (< 2 mm), and fine roots (≤ 2 mm) were separated by handpicking coupled with a water floating technique. Then, fine root biomass and C density were calculated using oven dry weight. Annual mean fine root biomass of the dry zone forest and the arboretum were found to be 5.72 ± 0.57 t/ha and 7.88 ± 0.81 t/ha, respectively, with C densities of 2.69 ± 0.27 t/ha and 3.7 ± 0.38 t/ha, respectively. Thus, dry zone arboretum showed a higher growth and biomass, and hence a C pool of fine roots, than the dry zone forest, possibly due to a younger forest stand with fast fine root turnover rate. In both sites during the dry spell, there was an increased production of fine roots and a simultaneous leaf flush on the canopy with a green up. The increased fine root growth during the dry season generally allows the trees to absorb more water under water stressed situations. These events may be due to an undisclosed survival mechanism of such ecosystems under drought, which needs further studies.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73788658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species Composition of Odonate Fauna in Meegahawatta, a Wetland Area in Hanwella, Sri Lanka","authors":"M.D.H. Lankika, M. Karunaratne, K. Conniff","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V2I2.593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V2I2.593","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 120 species of Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) have been recorded in SriLanka to date. There are many gaps in our knowledge of Odonata taxonomy and distribution. The presentstudy, therefore, was carried out to investigate adult Odonata species present in Meegahawatta area(1000m2) in Hanwella. The study was carried out using two fixed quadrats (20m x 10m) randomlyestablished in two selected sites. Total number of individuals belonging to each species was countedfortnightly by using binoculars. A total of 27 species, 11 Zygoptera and 16 Anisoptera representing eightfamilies were recorded. This comprised of three endemic Zygopteran species (Libellago adami,Pseudagrion rubiceps ceylonicum and Prodasineura sita) and three endemic anisopteran species(Epopthalmia vittata cyanocephala, Cyclogomphus gynostylus and Macrogomphus lankanensis). Amongthose identified was one recently discovered and yet un-described Archibasis species. Of the threeendemic Anisopteran species recorded, C. gynostylus and M. lankanensis are listed as vulnerable speciesin the IUCN Redlist of 2010. Although the Zygopterans showed higher Diversity Index and EvennessIndex (H’= 1.99, E= 0.83) than the Anisopterans (H’=1.96, E= 0.32), their Richness Index (R=1.67) wasless than that of the Anisopterans (R= 2.49). The most common Zygopteran species recorded wasPseudagrion malabaricum whereas Neurothemis tulia tulia was the most common anisopteran species.","PeriodicalId":17445,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87553147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}