{"title":"Nitrification Kinetics and Its RBC Application","authors":"Ching-San Huang","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001297","url":null,"abstract":"The surface reaction model for the mechanism of mass transfer-metabolism in the fixed-film nitrification process is investigated and discussed for the design of trickling filter systems and rotating biological contactor (RBC) systems. Two experimental studies are performed. The first study, using a stationary fixed-film reactor to simulate the trickling filter process, reveals that the surface reaction kinetics follow a pseudo-homogeneous model. The second study, using a bench-scale RBC unit, indicates that the pseudo-homogeneous model is also applicable to the rotating fixed-film process. The effective slime thickness of an RBC system can be estimated from this model by locating the optimum NH3-N removal rotating speed and finding the corresponding liquid film thickness at that rotating speed.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73916645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Toxicity in Methane Fermentation Systems","authors":"G. Parkin, R. Speece","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001300","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment using anaerobic methane fermentation offers several significant advantages over aerobic methods, but is considered unreliable when treating wastewaters containing toxicants. Three models describing toxicity phenomena are given to help engineers develop more rational design and operational strategies. The first model describes the recovery pattern of methane fermentation systems from slug addition of toxicants as a function of toxicant type and concentration, and time. This model allows for prediction of periods of zero gas production and threshold toxicant concentrations. The second two models incorporate the effect of toxicity on the fundamental Monod-type expressions. Unsteady-state behavior is effectively described by both models and the importance of providing proper biological solids retention time is emphasized. The primary effect of toxicant addition is to alter process kinetics by temporarily or permanently increasing bacterial washout time. Therefore, to minimize the severity of both transient and chronic toxicity, a sufficiently large solids retention time is required.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77759855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sewers and Cities: France and the United States Compared","authors":"G. Dupuy, J. Tarr","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001281","url":null,"abstract":"The development and impacts of wastewater systems in France and the United States and their application for developing countries are discussed. Watercarriage technology was adopted in both nations because of the public health problems created by cesspools and privy vaults in growing urban areas and the nuisances generated by the development of piped-in water systems. Both nations experienced controversy over questions of sewerage system design and sewage disposal. French cities had fewer difficulties with drinking water pollution than American because they seldom utilized adjacent rivers for drinking water supplies. A major problem today in France is that of insufficient stormwater capacity. In the United States problems of water quality are of most concern. In terms of impacts, in both nations questions of waste disposal resulted in a larger role for the central government in local affairs, creation of a new sanitary ethos, and reliance upon technology for problem solutions.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76903527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Algorithm for Optimal Activated Sludge Operation","authors":"Patrick W. Hughey, D. Meredith, A. Middleton","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001283","url":null,"abstract":"A method for determining the minimum cost operation of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant is developed and applied to a plant in Erie County, New York. The plant includes an aerated grit chamber, two aeration basins, two secondary clarifiers, two solids contact clarifiers, a flotation thickener, sand-drying beds, centrifuge, an aerobic digester, two gravity sand filters, and chlorination-reaeration facilities. The complex method of constrained optimization is modified for discrete-valued variables and used with nonlinear cost and process equations to determine the minimum cost operation of the plant for a specified 12-month flow sequence. The results from the optimization are compared with actual operation of the plant.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78954901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Models of Landfill Leaching: Moisture Flow and Inorganic Strength","authors":"W. A. Straub, D. Lynch","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001276","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical models are applied to the movement and inorganic contamination of moisture in sanitary landfills situated above the water table. The models are based on simple well-mixed reactor concepts, and on unsaturated flow and transport in porous media. Computer simulations are obtained for laboratory-scale experimental landfills reported by others. General agreement between simulated and observed results indicates that leachate behavior is explainable in terms of fundamental transport processes. The roles of moisture retention in the landfill and dilution by infiltrating water are shown to be of primary importance in understanding and predicting leachate quantity and quality.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81032868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guidelines for Control of Septic Tank Systems","authors":"A. Olivieri, G. L. Johnston, R. J. Roche","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001211","url":null,"abstract":"As the population of the San Francisco Bay Area increases, the demand for new development increases. In response to these development pressures, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board adopted a policy on discrete sewerage facilities which sets forth the actions the board will take with respect to proposals for individual or community sewerage systems. An important provision of the policy required the development of guidelines to control individual wastewater and disposal systems. Major recommendations of the guidelines pertaining to design and construction, operation and maintenance, and cumulative impacts of septic tank systems are summarized.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82211892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wind Aeration in Model Waste Treatment System","authors":"C. Polprasert, N. C. Thanh, P. Khan","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001216","url":null,"abstract":"The results obtained in this study clearly show the ability of the wind aeration in providing sufficient oxygen for the micro-organisms to effectively stabilize the organic matter. Since the mechanism of oxygen transfer to the water body is likely to be the shear stress and turbulence created by wind at the air-water interface, and increase in wind velocity should be expected to result in higher rate of oxygen transfer.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81815590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinetics of Enteroviral Inactivation by Ozone","authors":"D. Roy, E. Chian, R. S. Engelbrecht","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001223","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of enteroviral inactivation by ozone was performed using kinetic expressions developed from mass balance information obtained from a continuous flow reactor. The rate of viral inactivation was observed to be directly proportional to the residual ozone concentration and the density of viruses raised to the power of 0.69. The effect of temperature on the rate of viral inactivation was evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring's equations. The activation energy and entropy of the overall inactivation reaction were observed to be 3.6 kcal and -13.66 cal/uaoK, respectively. The low value of activation energy implies that the viral inactivation reaction is controlled by mass transfer of ozone through the viral protein coat. The negative value of entropy indicates that a more orderly arrangement of viral molecules occurred during the ozone inactivation process.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85802439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Suspended Solids and Bacteria in Ford Lake","authors":"C. Uchrin, W. Weber","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001228","url":null,"abstract":"A submodel for computing the behavior of suspended solids and associated pollutants in turbulent, open channels was constructed and tested in a natural water system. The submodel equation was the two-dimensional equation for suspended particles in a turbulent flowing medium. A procedure was developed to determine particle fall velocity distributions and a bottom boundary condition calibrated to three sets of flume data. A numerical solution was obtained and expressed in graphical form as a function of particle fall velocity, channel shear velocity, and channel depth. The submodel was successfully tested in the Ford Lake, Michigan, system with fecal coliform bacteria as the associated pollutant.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89451055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixing Zone Analysis for River Plumes","authors":"P. P. Paily","doi":"10.1061/JEEGAV.0001196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JEEGAV.0001196","url":null,"abstract":"Steam power plants which utilize once-through cooling, are required to meet certain mixing zone standards for thermal plumes. Once-through cooling occurs when water is withdrawn from a natural river or lake, and heated water is returned to the same, after condenser circulation. Compliance with regulatory standards during plant operation is often verified from field measurements at specified time intervals. Field data from thermal plume surveys can be used to develop mixing zone models. These are useful in establishing the necessary operating criteria that will assure compliance with the standards during plant operation over the specified range of river flows. A case study is presented illustrating the development of mixing zone models, and the application of such models to evaluate the possible operating criteria for a nuclear power plant at low river flows.","PeriodicalId":17335,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76307586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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