Journal of the Saudi Heart Association最新文献

{"title":"Acceptance, Awareness, Attitude, and Practices Toward Heart Transplantation: A Saudi Based Survey.","authors":"Walid Abukhudair, Ahmad Z Hafiz, Mohammed A Alosaimi, Fares A Alaynayn, Fahad A Alosaimi, Rehab A Karam, Tamer M Abdelrahman","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1357","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introductions: </strong>The awareness of brain death and heart donation (HD) among the Saudi population remains limited, coupled with negative attitudes toward heart donation, resulting in a significant gap between the demand for donor hearts and the available supply. This study aimed to comprehensively understand the current perceptions, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi population regarding HD, as well as identify the obstacles. The ultimate goal was to strengthen the local donor pool.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2023, employing a self-administered internet survey. The survey collected demographic information, assessed awareness, attitudes, and practices related to HD, and was completed by 1820 participants from various regions in Saudi Arabia. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Chi-square test, Independent-samples t-test, one way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and Spearman correlation coefficient was performed with the significance level set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant portion of the population (out of 1820 participants) lacked organ donation cards and were uncertain about the registration process. Participants displayed a moderate level of knowledge about HD, with roughly half holding unfavorable attitudes toward HD. A considerable percentage of participants 62.0% were unwilling to register as heart donors, but a majority (79.9%) were willing to contribute by disseminating information about HD. The study identified significant associations between knowledge scores and several factors, including age (p = 0.002), career (p = 0.000), possession of an organ donation card (p = 0.000), and a history of transplantation or organ donation among relatives (p = 0.000). A significant relationship was observed between attitude scores and several factors, including career (p = 0.001), Saudi region (p = 0.025), possession of an organ donation card (p = 0.000), and a history of transplantation or organ donation among relatives (p = 0.000).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the urgent need for increased awareness to bolster the number of local heart donors. The involvement of healthcare professionals and social campaigns is essential to enhance public knowledge and potentially boost the willingness of individuals to become donors.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 4","pages":"279-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138804038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Telephone Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performance in Current Practice in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Meshary Binhotan,&nbsp;Joanne Turnbull,&nbsp;Graham Petley,&nbsp;Nawfal Aljerian,&nbsp;Mohammad Altuwaijri","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1353","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a global health problem with a low survival rate. Telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) guidance by emergency medical services (EMS) dispatchers can improve CPR performance and, consequently, survival rates. Accordingly, the American Heart Association (AHA) has released performance standards for T-CPR in current practice to improve its quality. However, no study has examined T-CPR performance in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate T-CPR performance in the Saudi Arabian EMS system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observation of OHCA calls in current practice was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. OHCA calls were reviewed to identify those that met the selection criteria. Variables collected included return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), OHCA recognition rate, time from EMS call receipt to location acquisition, to OHCA recognition and to commencement of CPR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 308 OHCA cases were reviewed, and 100 calls were included. ROSC was identified in 10% of the included calls. OHCA was correctly recognized in 62% of the calls. The time to OHCA identification and CPR performance from EMS call receipt were found to be 303 s and 367 s, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>T-CPR performance in Saudi Arabia is below AHA standards. However, this is similar to what has been reported in the literature. Avoiding any unnecessary call transfer during OHCA calls and prompt identification of callers' locations could improve T-CPR performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 3","pages":"244-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2e/64/sha244-253.PMC10597598.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50162005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy and Myocardial Bridging Association: A Coincidence Or a Usual Association?","authors":"Abdessamad Couissi, Saleh Obeidat, Amine M Boutaleb, Rachida Habbal","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1352","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Left ventricular non compaction (LVNC) is a rare congenital disease. It occurs due to an arrest of the myocardial fibers compaction during embryogenesis. Myocardial bridge (MB) is a coronary anomaly in which the myocardium. covers segments of the coronary arteries. We report a rare case of 62-year-old women who was diagnosed with the association of LVNC and MB revealed by chest pain and dyspnea. Some similar cases were reported in the last two decades suggesting that we may be in front of a usual yet underdiagnosed association. To our knowledge, this is the first case described in the Arab World.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 3","pages":"254-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10627175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71482950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognizing a \"Hot Phase\" of An Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report.","authors":"Margarida Cabral,&nbsp;Sara Fernandes,&nbsp;Catarina Ruivo,&nbsp;Hélia Martins,&nbsp;João Morais","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1348","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 35-year-old male, with a medical history of acute myocarditis, presented with palpitations. Further investigation revealed non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and a slightly reduced left ventricular systolic function. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed extended late gadolinium enhancement of the left ventricle and fat infiltration. Genetic testing was positive for a pathogenic desmoplakin mutation, fulfilling the criteria of arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy. In conclusion, the authors described a case of a mimicked acute myocarditis at a young age in a patient with an arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy. Therefore, the genetic study is essential for both diagnosis and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 3","pages":"232-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d2/8f/sha232-234.PMC10597597.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50162006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation in Abu Dhabi: A Retrospective Investigation of Program Delivery, Participants, and Factors Associated with Program Completion Utilizing a Hospital Registry.","authors":"Aaron H Thrush","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1349","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Investigations into the provision of cardiac rehabilitation from the Arabian Gulf countries are rare, despite suffering from an unusually high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. This study reports patient and program characteristics from an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program in Abu Dhabi, and factors associated with program completion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data was drawn from the institution's cardiac rehabilitation registry, populated from the electronic medical record of patients enrolled in the hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation program, from 2015 to 2022. The program was administered by physical therapist and nurse specialists and guided by individualized exercise parameters. Completion of the program was defined as attendance of ten or more sessions. Relationships between program completion and demographic characteristics, quality of life, depression, and physical function were explored statistically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1774 patients attended at least one session, with a total of 15,563 sessions. The number of patients and sessions trended upward since program inception. The most common referral diagnoses of participants who completed the program were coronary artery bypass grafting, valve surgery, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Among all 1774 attendees, median age was 56, comprised of 61.6% male, and 77.1% residents of Abu Dhabi, and 73.5% Emirati nationals. 527 (29.7%) patients completed the program, and this group was significantly lower in BMI (29.4 vs 30.4 kg/m²), had lower prevalence of moderate to severe depression (9.0 vs 13.0%), were more often Abu Dhabi residents or Emirati nationals (88.2 vs 72.2%, and 76.9 and 72.0%, respectively), and more likely to have completed the 6-min walk test at the first visit (80.5 vs 72.5%). There were no differences between those who did and did not complete cardiac rehabilitation with respect to age, gender, quality of life, or first 6-min walk test distance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is a growing demand for cardiac rehabilitation in Abu Dhabi, particularly among Emirati nationals and residents of Abu Dhabi. Potential risk factors for non-completion such as higher body-mass index, depression, lower physical function, non-residence in Abu Dhabi, and non-Emirati nationality warrant further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 3","pages":"235-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/a5/sha235-243.PMC10597596.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50162004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital Complete Heart Block Complicated by Atrial Flutter Diagnosis and Management.","authors":"Ali A Alakhfash,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Almesned,&nbsp;Abdullah Alqwaiee,&nbsp;Hashem D Alqurashi,&nbsp;Waleed Almanea","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37616/2212-5043.1347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seventeen-month-old child was diagnosed in utero to have congenital complete heart block. The mother has Sjogren's syndrome with high Anti Ro antibodies. The baby was delivered at term with a heart rate of 55-60 beats per minute. Echocardiography revealed a structurally normal heart with a small atrial septal defect and moderate patent ductus arteriosus. At the age of 17 months, he developed atrial flutter which was aborted using electrical cardioversion in the Cath lab. No recurrence of the atrial flutter during a one-year follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 3","pages":"226-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/22/80/sha226-231.PMC10544175.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41134171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Disease in Saudi Arabia: Facts and the Way Forward.","authors":"Adel A Tash,&nbsp;Rasha F Al-Bawardy","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1336","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a major health concern globally. While some risk factors for CVDs are non-modifiable, other determinants like obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes and dyslipidemia can be mitigated by a wide plethora of measures to control CVD morbidity and mortality. Those determinants have been on the rise in Saudi Arabia, exacerbated by sedentary lifestyle. The Saudi Vision 2030 aims to reduce CVD clinical and economic burden and to scale up vitality and longevity; in a new era of comprehensive healthcare. From a health economics standpoint, CVDs entail a burden on healthcare systems directly through expenditure and indirectly through years living with the disease, low productivity, premature morbidity and mortality. This manuscript reviews current CV health and unmet needs in Saudi Arabia, discusses G20 countries' initiatives on primary prevention: public health measures, awareness programs; and proposes national registries and digital solutions to facilitate population-specific research, improve CV surveillance and alleviate CVD burden in Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 2","pages":"148-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8b/ef/sha148-162.PMC10405907.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10019405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 National Heart Center/Saudi Heart Association Focused Update of the 2019 Saudi Heart Association Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure.","authors":"Waleed Al Habeeb, Adel Tash, Abdelfatah Elasfar, Ali Almasood, Abeer Bakhsh, Fayez Elshaer, Fakhr Al Ayoubi, Kamal Waheeb AIghalayini, Maryam Mohammed AlQaseer, Mosaad Alhussein, Osama Almogbel, Shukri Merza AlSaif, Yahia AlHebeshi","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1334","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The burden of cardiovascular diseases is undeniable in local populations, who have high mortality rates and a young age of disease onset. A systematic review of emerging evidence and update of the Saudi Heart Association (SHA) 2019 heart failure (HF) guidelines was therefore undertaken.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A panel of expert cardiologists reviewed recommendations of the 2019 guidelines following the Saudi Heart Association methodology for guideline recommendations. When needed, the panel provided updated and new recommendations endorsed by the national heart council that are appropriate for clinical practice and local resources in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Recommendations and conclusion: </strong>The focused update describes the appropriate use of clinical assessment as well as invasive and non-invasive modalities for the classification and diagnosis of HF. The prevention of HF was emphasized by expanding on both primary and secondary prevention approaches. Pharmacological treatment of HF was supplemented with recommendations on newer therapies, such as SGLT-2 inhibitors. Recommendations were also provided on the management of patients with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular co-morbidities, with a focus on cardio-oncology and pregnancy. Updated clinical algorithms were included in support of HF management in both the acute and chronic settings. The implementation of this focused update on HF management in clinical practice is expected to lead to improved patient outcomes by providing evidence-based comprehensive guidance for practitioners in Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 1","pages":"71-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/65/2b/sha71-134.PMC10263126.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9646580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Adiponectin-Resistin Indices and Ratios Predict Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Syed S Habib,&nbsp;Thamir Al-Khlaiwi,&nbsp;Muhammad A Butt,&nbsp;Syed M Habib,&nbsp;Huthayfah Al-Khliwi,&nbsp;Khalid Al-Regaiey","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1332","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Adiponectin and resistin are adipokines involved in insulin resistance, glucometabolic control and adiposity. There is evidence that hypoadiponectinemia and hyperresistinemia are associated with cardiovascular disease. Whether the ratio of Adiponectin-Resistin (AR) and Insulin Resistance Adiponectin-Resistin (IRAR) indices can be used as non-invasive biomarker of cardiovascular disease needs more attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationships of AR and IRAR indices with adiposity, glucometabolic control and cardiovascular risk incurred by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in healthy subjects and patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational case control study was conducted in the Department of Physiology and Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh. A total of 191 (control = 84 and diabetic = 107) subjects were recruited. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impendence analyzer (BIA). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipid profile, adiponectin, and resistin levels. The AR and IRAR indices were determined by formulas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower in diabetics compared to control (95.45 ± 39.27 ng/ml vs 146.64 ± 56.36 ng/ml, <i>p</i> < .001) while serum resistin was significantly higher in diabetic when compared to control (2.94 ± 1.30 ng/ml vs 2.40 ± 1.09 ng/ml, <i>p</i> = .003). Furthermore, AR and IRAR indices were significantly increased in diabetic subjects when compared to control (.82 ± .29 vs .48 ± .35, <i>p</i> < .001) and (.30 ± .10 vs .17 ± .12, <i>p</i> < .001) respectively. ROC analysis revealed that these indices predicted increased cardiovascular risk with area under the curve (AUC) for adiponectin = .717 ( <i>p</i> = .001), resistin = .635 ( <i>p</i> = .002), AR index = .740 ( <i>p</i> < .001), and IRAR index = .737 ( <i>p</i> < .001) respectively. AR index correlated positively with Triglycerides (r = .354, <i>p</i> < .01), hsCRP (r = .264, <i>p</i> < .01), HbA1c (r = .425, <i>p</i> < .01), fat mass (r = .164, <i>p</i> < .05), Waist/Hip Ratio (WHR) (r = .248, <i>p</i> < .01), and negatively with high density lipoprotein (r=-.327, <i>p</i> < .01). Furthermore, IRAR index more strongly correlated with Triglycerides (r = .409, <i>p</i> < .01), hsCRP (r = .268, <i>p</i> < .01), HbA1c (r = .508, <i>p</i> < .01), fat mass (r = .152, <i>p</i> < .05), WHR (r = .256, <i>p</i> < .01), and negatively with high density lipoprotein (r = -.340, <i>p</i> < .01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AR and IRAR indices correlate significantly with adiposity, glucometabolic control and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic individuals. They may prove to be useful integrated biomarkers to predict metabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/2c/sha59-65.PMC10229130.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9620791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Heart Center/Saudi Heart Association 2023 Guidelines on the Management of Hypertension.","authors":"Waleed Alhabeeb, Adel A Tash, Mostafa Alshamiri, Mohamed Arafa, Mohammed A Balghith, Ali ALmasood, Abdulla Eltayeb, Hossam Elghetany, Taher Hassan, Owayed Alshemmari","doi":"10.37616/2212-5043.1328","DOIUrl":"10.37616/2212-5043.1328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypertension is a highly prevalent disease in Saudi Arabia with poor control rates. Updated guidelines are needed to guide the management of hypertension and improve treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A panel of experts representing the National Heart Center (NHC) and the Saudi Heart Association (SHA) reviewed existing evidence and formulated guidance relevant to the local population, clinical practice and the healthcare system. The recommendations were reviewed to ensure scientific and medical accuracy.</p><p><strong>Recommendations: </strong>Hypertension was defined and a new classification was proposed as relevant to the Saudi population. Recommendations on diagnosis, clinical evaluation, cardiovascular assessment were detailed, along with guidance on measurement modalities and screening/follow-up. Non-pharmacological management is the first line of hypertension treatment. Pharmacological therapy should be used appropriately as needed. Treatment priority is to control blood pressure regardless of the drug class used. The choice of treatment should be tailored to the patient profile in order to achieve treatment targets and ensure patient compliance. Recommendations were provided on pharmacological options available in Saudi Arabia, as well as guidance on the treatment of special conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypertension management should be based on appropriate screening, timely diagnosis and lifestyle changes supplemented with pharmacological therapy, as needed. Clinical management should be individualized, and careful consideration should be given to special conditions and patient groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":17319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Heart Association","volume":"35 1","pages":"16-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e2/81/sha16-39.PMC10069676.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9250923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}