Can Huang, Shubiao Qian, Xiao-xian Li, Xiahong He, Shuhui Zi, Congfang Xi, Ruirui Shi, T. Liu
{"title":"Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Physiology and Saponin Synthesis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis at Different Nitrogen Levels","authors":"Can Huang, Shubiao Qian, Xiao-xian Li, Xiahong He, Shuhui Zi, Congfang Xi, Ruirui Shi, T. Liu","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5518","url":null,"abstract":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important members of the plant microbiome and affect the uptake and transfer of mineral elements by forming a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Nitrogen (N), as an important mineral element, can directly affect plant growth and development at different N levels. It has been confirmed that inoculation with AMF can improve the efficiency of N utilization by plants. However, there are still fewer reports on the dynamic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal and plant secondary metabolites at different nitrogen levels. In this experiment, the physiological indexes and genes related to saponin synthesis were determined by applying different concentration gradients of nitrogen to the medicinal plant P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis infested by AMF as the test material. It was found that nitrogen addition increased the biomass, chlorophyll content, and nutrient content of above- and below-ground plant parts and increased the content of saponin content of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis to some extent, but AMF inoculation increased the saponin content of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis more significantly. AMF inoculation also promoted the expression of genes related to the saponin synthesis pathway, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGS), squalene epoxidase 1 (SE1), and cycloartenol synthase (CAS), which is in according with the accumulation of saponin in plants. It also may increase the saponin content of AMF plants by altering the expression of P450s and UGTs related to saponin synthesis.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80733309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Insight of Parasitic Weeds in Africa and Scientific Developments: A Review","authors":"C. Phiri, V. Kabambe, J. Bokosi","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5535","url":null,"abstract":"Parasitic weeds are a major threat to food security in Africa and control measures mostly done by smallholder farmers are not effective in eradicating the parasites. This results in a yield loss up to 100%. Parasitic weeds comprise Alectra vogelii, Striga spp., Orobanche spp., Rafflesia spp., and Phoradendron spp. Parasitic attachment is successful when three necessary conditions have been fulfilled namely the compatible host, suitable environment, and parasitic weed. These species parasite plant species through special attachment features such as modified leaves, suckers, haustoria, or modified roots. In Africa, the variability of parasitic weeds is largely driven by environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil type, and crop husbandry practices. Warmer temperatures create more hospitable conditions for certain parasitic weeds, and allowing them to spread to new areas. Parasitic weed control is vital for effective crop production and the control strategies can be achieved through integrated weed control method that embraces mechanical, cultural, chemical, and biological methods. However, the most effective and crucial method is the cultivation of resistant varieties that provide long-term protection against parasitic weeds. Studies have been done on host-parasite attachment where dodder can send out new roots to infected neighbouring plants and spread their parasitic behaviour. More insight and knowledge should offer new goals for control within the life cycle of the parasitic weeds and their metabolic activities. Lastly, disciplines such as agronomy, plant breeding, nutrition, economics, and IT should play their roles effectively in combating parasitic weeds.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87621007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jibanjyoti Panda, P. Vetrivelkalai, B. Bhagawati, N. Gupta
{"title":"Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Banana Cultivars of Assam India","authors":"Jibanjyoti Panda, P. Vetrivelkalai, B. Bhagawati, N. Gupta","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5582","url":null,"abstract":"Endophytic fungal isolates (139 no.) were obtained from 143 (62 roots, 18 fruits and 54 leaves) samples of 15 different varieties of banana collected from 10 sites in Assam, India during 2018-2019. Overall isolation frequency from surface-sterilized tissue ranged from 10%-80% (as per site) and 6%-70% (as per variety of banana). All isolates were segregated into 40 different types on the basis of macromorphological and micro morphological characteristics. Forty different fungal taxa were isolated belonging to 14 genera including Absidia, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Dendrophion, Fusarium, Humicola, Mortierella, Mucor, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, Verticillium and one mycelium sterile. Among them, Cladosporium cladosporioidies and Paecilomyces sp. frequently occurred in most of the sites surveyed whereas Cladospoirum cladosporioides and Aspergillus sp. 8, Fusarium graminseram were most frequently isolated from different varieties. However, all sites differed in their fungal diversity. Banana samples from Narigoan and Jorhat have been found with maximum fungal species followed by marigoan samples so as to Banana varieties Amrit Sagar endowed 27 no. of fungi followed by Jehaji and Honda which were associated with a maximum 14 fungal sp. Isolation frequency and relative abundance of Cladosporium cladosporiodes (80%, 4.6), Paecilomyces farinosus (80%, 4.6) followed by Penicillium ruburm, Aspergillus sp. 8 & 9 (70%, 4.02) were recorded as maximum comparatively in different sites. However, Aspergillus sp. 8, Mortieralla sp. and Pacilomyces farinosus are isolated frequently from different banana varieties (73.33%, 4.93).","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"455 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82946836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Weed Species Composition in Paddy Field of Usur Town, Bade Local Government, Yobe State, Nigeria","authors":"M. A. Bello, H. M. Abba, U. Mohammed","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5507","url":null,"abstract":"Farmers are eager to know the various types of weeds in paddy fields. This will help in choosing the best weed management practice for effective weed control as well as reducing rice yield losses. The objectives of the study are to identify the weeds species affecting the rice field, to assess the composition of weeds species, to classify the weed species into different families, genera, species, common names, Hausa names, lifecycles, life forms, native/exotic species, propagation and uses, and to determine the dominant weed species. Random vegetation surveys were conducted. Weeds observed were photographed, and prepared as herbarium specimens. Standard key manuals and checklists were utilized for weed identification and later organized using the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification system. A total number of 72 plants species distributed within 16 families and 50 genera were inventoried. The annuals (66.67%) were the dominant weed followed by perennials (33.33%) while biennials were the least. The broad leaves were the dominant weed (44.61%) identified followed by Poaceae (27.7%) and Sedges (11.11%). Results obtained from this study could be useful in choosing the best management practice and in making a decision on the choice of herbicides and directing research towards improved weed control measures.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85322009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Oluwole, Simeon Y. Asokere, M. L. Ogun, T. Ewekeye, A. W. Ojewumi
{"title":"Effects of Water Stress on Growth and Chlorophyll Contents of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Basil) [Lamiaceae]","authors":"S. Oluwole, Simeon Y. Asokere, M. L. Ogun, T. Ewekeye, A. W. Ojewumi","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5494","url":null,"abstract":"Ocimum gratissimum is an essential plant because of its wide food and medicinal usage. Despite its relevance, its morpho-physiological compositions are influenced by several abiotic stresses. Hence, this study examined the effects of water stress on the growth and chlorophyll contents of O. gratissimum. Seedlings of O. gratissimum were grown in twenty-four pots, two per pot and were arranged using a complete randomized design with four groups: Very Wet O. gratissimum (VWO), Moderately Water Stress O. gratissimum (MWSO), Strongly Water Stress O. gratissimum (SWSO) and Adequately Watered O. gratissimum (AWO) as control. Fifty centiliters of water was applied in AWO once daily, VWO twice daily, MSWO once in three days and SWSO once a week. Growth parameters: Stem height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth and petiole length were determined one week after treatment for six weeks. Chlorophyll contents were determined at two weeks intervals after treatment for eight weeks. Descriptive statistics such as mean±standard deviation and one-way Analysis of Variance (p < 0.05) were done using SAS software. Results obtained showed the highest mean stem height (27.50 ± 0.29 cm), number of leaves (37.00 ± 9.0), leaf area (735.7 ± 4.12 cm2), stem girth (0.40 ± 0.00 cm) and petiole length (7.20 ± 0.40 cm) in VWO. Similar results were obtained for chlorophyll (56.70 ± 0.65 mg–1). It could be concluded that regular watering of O. gratissimum could promote growth and increase chlorophyll contents of the plant.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76156037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pascal N. Bobuya, K. Ngbolua, A. Mumba, Masengo C. Ashande, L. Lassa, W. Lusasi, M. Mawunu, D. Tshibangu, P. Mpiana, V. Mudogo
{"title":"Ethno-medical Profiling of Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv: A Phyto-resource Food of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799) in the Ubangi Eco-region of Democratic Republic of the Congo","authors":"Pascal N. Bobuya, K. Ngbolua, A. Mumba, Masengo C. Ashande, L. Lassa, W. Lusasi, M. Mawunu, D. Tshibangu, P. Mpiana, V. Mudogo","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i2.5491","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethnomedical knowledge of the population of South Ubangi on Myrianthus arboreus, a plant consumed by chimpanzees, with the assumption that this bio-resource is also used by the population in African Traditional Medicine to treat common diseases. The results revealed that M. arboreus treats 23 diseases in the province of South Ubangi in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Of these diseases, six (anaemia, bronchitis, tooth decay, gastritis, hypertension, and spleen) are the most cited. Anaemia and spleen are treated by all socio-cultural groups. The leaf is the most used organ (48%) followed by sap, roots, stems, bark, flowers, and seeds. Expression (61.5%) is the most used method of preparation followed by decoction, maceration, and mastication. Oral (94.5%) is the most used method of administration followed by body bath, massage, anal and auricular route. M. arboreus is a vulnerable species (Iv ≥ 2.5) in the study area. The diseases treated are influenced by the level of education and the profession of the respondents (p < 0.05). While the mode of preparation of recipes is influenced by the family situation, also the composition of recipes is influenced by gender, age and occupation (p < 0.05). The search for new sources of bio-inspired drugs through zoopharmacognosy may thus allow the development of effective phytomedicines for the health care of humans or non-human primates ex situ. Thus the need for advanced phytochemical and pharmacological studies and the domestication of M. arboreus for its multiple food and pharmacological uses is necessary.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90966982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mezgebu Senbeto Duguma, Fikadu Kitaba Tola, D. Teshome
{"title":"Evaluation of Women’s Contribution in Agroforestry Demonstration through Moringa Species Introduction in Western Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Mezgebu Senbeto Duguma, Fikadu Kitaba Tola, D. Teshome","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i1.5508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i1.5508","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry technologies are very keen practices in most small-scale farming systems where gender issues are not well considered in most developing countries. Moringa is a tropical plant that consists of 13 species, while five of them are found in Ethiopia. This study aimed to evaluate the potential and contribution of women in agroforestry demonstrations where Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala are introduced in farmers’ fields. Selection of the best performing moringa species and preferred by farmers for further scaling up was also another objective. The activity was conducted in five districts of west and east Wallagga zones. A total of 10 FREG comprising 150 farmers were established. The two moringa species were planted on 100 farmers’ fields where 50 women and 50 men were purposively selected and given responsibilities of moringa demonstration. Leaflets and practical training on moringa production, importance and utilization were prepared and given to all concerned bodies. 84% of women and only 32% of men effectively demonstrated the moringa species. A total of 200 farmers were interviewed to evaluate and select the best from the two species depending on their growth performance, fresh leaf taste and odor, and survival rate. Based on the above criteria, 143 (71.5%) farmers preferred Moringa oleifera. In general, the two moringa species were performed well in most places, and its utilization started at household level. Finally, the authors recommend that women are the potential for demonstrating agroforestry technologies, and Moringa oleifera is a more preferred species in western Oromia.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74447664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Restoration Planning of Mining Wastelands","authors":"P. Jaiswal","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i1.5479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i1.5479","url":null,"abstract":"Mining plays an important role in the economic development of a country. But the consequences of the mining can be seen in the form of degradation of soil, water, and native vegetation, which ultimately results in the disturbance of the local ecosystem. The ecological restoration of such disturbed ecosystems involves the reclamation of soil, conservation of water, erosion control, and re-vegetation of native vegetation. This can be achieved by improving the physical properties of soil, enhancing the nutrient status of soil, selecting appropriate plant species for re-vegetation, providing provision of irrigation facilities for re-vegetated mining wasteland, and so on. The present study was conducted in the Kota district of Rajasthan, where stone mining is one of the major industrial activities. The paper provides a scientific assessment of the existing vegetation of limestone mining wastelands through field surveys and physicochemical analysis of soil and water. Loss of natural vegetation and excessive stoniness of the substratum were major hurdles that restrict the easy recovery of vegetation on mining wastelands but there is almost no negative impact on the water quality. The study summarizes the holistic technology including the vegetational approach to the restoration of mining wastelands and puts forward some existing problems and their solutions.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87975424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. N. Doudjo, Ouattara Ahmed, Douffi Kouakou Guy-Casimir, Koné Dofoungo, Coulibaly Brahima, B. Adama
{"title":"Former Botanical Garden of ORSTOM (Côte d’Ivoire): What Remain after Thirty Years of Abandonment and Forest Restoration","authors":"O. N. Doudjo, Ouattara Ahmed, Douffi Kouakou Guy-Casimir, Koné Dofoungo, Coulibaly Brahima, B. Adama","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i1.5367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i1.5367","url":null,"abstract":"Botanical gardens represent important places for ex situ conservation. One of these botanical gardens has been abandoned in Côte d’Ivoire for 30 years. This is the former botanical garden of ORSTOM. This study was conducted to determine the level of diversity of this former garden in order to assess the opportunity for its rehabilitation. The authors carried out inventories in 18 quadrats of 500 m2 through the vegetation to collect woody species. Dendrometric measurements (height, diameter) were also recorded to assess the structure of the site. A total of 190 species have been identified. They belong to 141 genera and 47 families. This former botanical garden contains important species because of their origin, status or particularity (threatened, endemic, rarity, etc.). A total of 19 threatened species including 2 endangered and west African endemic (Chrysophyllum azaguieanum J. Miège, Placodiscus pseudostipularis) were found at the site. Also, Chrysophyllum azaguieanum is declared extinct from Côte d’Ivoire. Four species are rare in the flora of Côte d’Ivoire: Balanites wilsoniana, Chrysophyllum azaguieanum, Gilletiodendron kisantuense and Loesenera kalantha. The most abundant species is Hopea odorata. Although this introduced species is considered globally vulnerable, it presents a risk of invasion in the forest of Côte d’Ivoire. The diameter and height structures show that all the stages of development are presented indicating a good regeneration on the site. Ultimately, this botanical garden deserves to be rehabilitated and especially urgent management of Hopea odorata is needed to prevent an invasion of this species.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74891029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Michael H. MacRoberts (28 September 1941–18 December 2021)","authors":"Christopher Reid","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v16.i2.1271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v16.i2.1271","url":null,"abstract":"Michael H. MacRoberts (28 September 1941–18 December 2021). Michael H. MacRoberts was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. Readers will be most familiar with the extensive botanical and ecological work he carried out in the West Gulf Coastal Plain over the last 30 years with his wife Barbara.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41519840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}