{"title":"Crystal and molecular structure of thalidomide, N-(α-glutarimido)-phthalimide","authors":"F. Allen, J. Trotter","doi":"10.1039/J29710001073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001073","url":null,"abstract":"Crystals of the N-(α-glutarimido)-derivative of phthalimide (Thalidomide), C13H10N2O4, are monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a= 8·233 (1), b= 10·070(2), c= 14·865(2)A, β= 102·53(2)°, and Z= 4. The structure has been determined by direct methods using diffractometer data; full-matrix least-squares refinement has reduced R to 0·053 for 1855 observed reflections, which were corrected for absorption. The phthalimide residue is significantly non-planar, while the glutarimido-moiety approximates a half-chair conformation; the central N–C bond is equatorial. The angle between the mean phthalimide and glutarimido-planes is 81°. Pairs of centrosymmetrically related molecules form hydrogen-bonded dimers through N–H ⋯ O contacts of 2·928 A between glutarimido-residues.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"141 1","pages":"1073-1079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76694431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transmission of substituent effects in pyridines. Part IV. Alkaline hydrolysis of methyl diazinecarboxylates","authors":"L. Deady, D. Foskey, R. Shanks","doi":"10.1039/J29710001962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001962","url":null,"abstract":"The rates of alkaline hydrolysis of six methyl diazinecarboxylates in methanol–water (85% w/w) at 10° are correlated with those of benzoates and pyridinecarboxylates with additivity of the effects of aza-substitution.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"19 1","pages":"1962-1963"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76791248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reactivity parameters and aromatic systems. Part III. Reactivity relationships, and their application to substituent effects in aromatic systems","authors":"K. Bancroft, G. R. Howe","doi":"10.1039/J29710001221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001221","url":null,"abstract":"The principles underlying various reactivity and free-energy relationships are examined. A generalised relationship is derived which incorporates many of those presently accepted, e.g., the Hammett, Yukawa Tsuno, and Taft equations. Three new semi-empirical relationships are derived with differing numbers of constraints. The four factors commonly given independent recognition are represented as, the substituent S, the position of the substituent relative to the position of the reaction P, the reagent–solvent system R, and a factor characteristic of the type of reaction and its corresponding free-energy requirement T. In the first equation the rate or equilibrium of a particular reaction is related to an arbitrary reaction by log k/k0=A+ρ(FX+MY) where F=p(ST), M=r(ST)X=p(P), Y=r(P), ρ=pR=rR, superscripts p and r referring to polar and resonance effects respectively.The second equation log k/k0=A+BFX+CMY corresponds to the first equation with the constraint pR=rR removed, B corresponding to pR and C to rR. In the third equation, log k/k0=A+BpTFX+CrTMY, only the ratio pT to pR can in practice be derived, and then only under the assumption that B=C. Substituent effect data for the naphthalene and fluoranthene systems are considered. For transmission coefficients of delocalisation effects in electrophilic substitution qw values are slightly better than atom–atom polarisabilities. As a measure of the direct field effect of a substituent both 1/d and (cos θ)/d give in most cases equally good results. There is indication that with an improved model separation of the reaction parameter into a type parameter T and a reagent–solvent parameter R may well be viable.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"1 1","pages":"1221-1227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82133234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectroscopic studies of keto–enol equilibria. Part XIII. 15N-substituted imines","authors":"G. Dudek, E. Dudek","doi":"10.1039/J29710001356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001356","url":null,"abstract":"Schiff bases have been synthesized from [15N]ammonia and 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 5-methyl- and 4,5-dimethyl-acetophenones, 2-hydroxybenzophenone, benzoylacetone and 2-acetyl-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione. The 1H n.m.r. and u.v. data permit assignment of tautomeric equilibria. The results indicate that the percentage of amide form is usually greater in these ammonia adducts than in the analogous methylamine or aniline derivatives. Proton–proton spin-coupling measurements provide important information concerning the electronic delocalization in the aromatic rings.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"1 1","pages":"1356-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82165300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crystal structure of the C form of stearic acid","authors":"V. Malta, G. Celotti, R. Zannetti, A. F. Martelli","doi":"10.1039/J29710000548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710000548","url":null,"abstract":"The crystal structure of the C form of stearic acid has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction patterns, The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/a, with unit-cell dimensions: a= 9·36, b= 4·95, c= 50·7 A. β= 128 °15′ and Z= 4. The crystal structure has been determined by trial-and-error methods to R 0·086. The structural parameters are compared with those of similar compounds, in particular the same acid in the polymorphous B form.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"35 1","pages":"548-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81258121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Free-radical reductions of arenediazonium ions in aqueous solution. Part I. Toluene-p-diazonium ions reduced with methanol","authors":"J. Packer, D. House, E. J. Rasburn","doi":"10.1039/J29710001574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001574","url":null,"abstract":"60 Co γ-Radiation has been used to initiate the free-radical reduction reaction (i) and the mechanism is shown to be as in reactions (ii)—(iv), where reactions (ii) and (iii) are the propagating steps and reaction (iv) the terminating ArN2++ CH3OH → ArH + N2+ CH2O + H+(i), Ar˙+ CH3OH → ArH +·CH2OH (ii), ArN2++·CH2OH → Ar˙+ CH2O + H++ N2(iii), Ar˙+ ArN2+→ products (iv) step. Pulse radiolysis shows reaction (ii) to be rate-determining. The photochemically induced reaction to yield the same products is shown to occur with quantum yields greater than unity. The products and importance of reaction (iv) with respect to some recent e.s.r. flow studies of Norman et al. is discussed.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"178 1","pages":"1574-1578"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81646494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Substituent effects in aromatic proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Part VII. [2H6]Benzene-induced solvent shifts at high solute concentration","authors":"Y. Takeuchi","doi":"10.1039/J29710001884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001884","url":null,"abstract":"The benzene-induced solvent shifts of some 1-substituted 3,5-dimethylbenzenes (I) and monosubstituted mesitylenes (II) were determined at high concentrations of solute for which the number of moles of the solute is comparable with that of the solvent. It was shown that the conventional 1 : 1 complex model can account for the observed shifts when the substituent is not a halogen. The possible origin of the anomaly observed for halogen derivatives is discussed.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"76 1","pages":"1884-1887"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76315048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"X-ray studies of terpenoids. Part III. A redetermination of the crystal structure of (+)-3-bromocamphor: the absolute configuration of (+)-camphor","authors":"F. Allen, D. Rogers","doi":"10.1039/J29710000632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710000632","url":null,"abstract":"Crystals of (+)-3-bromocamphor, C10H15OBr, are monoclinic, space group P21, with a= 7·36 (1), b= 7·59 (1), c= 9·12 (1)A, β= 94·1 (2)°, and Z= 2. The crystal structure has been accurately redetermined by use of three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data (R= 0·071 for 836 visually-estimated reflection intensities), in order to establish unambiguously the absolute configuration of the key monoterpene (+)-camphor. This determination has confirmed earlier, non-rigorous assignments using both chemical and X-ray techniques. The importance of this configurational assignment in the stereochemical correlation of the monoterpenes is discussed. The geometry of the norbornane skeleton is compared with data from other X-ray studies.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"9 1","pages":"632-636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76353469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The reactivity of organophosphorus compounds. Part XXVII. Reactions of alkyl hydrogen alkylphosphonates with p-nitrobenzonitrile oxide: anchimerically assisted P–O fission in acidic hydrolysis of the resulting α-hydroxyimino-p-nitrobenzyl alkylphosphonates","authors":"J. Cadogan, J. A. Challis, D. Eastlick","doi":"10.1039/J29710001988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001988","url":null,"abstract":"p-Nitrobenzonitrile oxide reacts readily with alkyl hydrogen alkylphosphonates (I; R1= Me, R2= Me, Et, Pr, Pri, ButCH2, or ButCHMe) and (I; R1= Et, But, or Ph; R2= Et), diethyl hydrogen phosphate, and hydrogen diethylphosphinate to give the corresponding 1:1-adducts, alkyl α-hydroxyimino-p-nitrobenzyl alkylphosphonates (II; R1= Me; R2= Me, Et, Pr, Pri, ButCH2, or ButCHMe) and (II; R1= Et, But or Ph; R2= Et), diethyl α-hydroxyimino-p-nitrobenzyl phosphate (II; R1= EtO, R2= Et), and α-hydroxyimino-p-nitrobenzyl diethyl-phosphinate (III), respectively. Except for the last case, which is stable in acid, the adducts undergo very fast, anchimerically assisted, P–O fission at pH 2–3·5 in dilute aqueous dioxan (ca. 107 faster, as shown by a kinetic study, than corresponding hydrolysis of simple esters which undergo alkyl–oxygen fission under similar conditions). Transesterification, also very fast, proceeds similarly, while the O-methyl derivative of (II; R1= Me; R2= ButCH2) is stable at pH 2–4·5. The results point to a novel neighbouring-group acceleration involving the proton of the oxime group in (II).","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"37 1","pages":"1988-1995"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76453684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pyrrole studies. Part XVI. Conformational studies of 6-aryl-6-di-methylamino-2-azafulvenes [2-aryl(dimethylamino)methylenepyrroles]","authors":"C. Candy, R. Jones","doi":"10.1039/J29710001405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/J29710001405","url":null,"abstract":"The energy barriers to rotation about the C(6)–N bond of a series of 6-p-substituted phenyl-6-dimethylamino-2-azafulvenes have been studied by n.m.r. spectroscopy and have been found to have values in the range 58·58 to 64·43 kJ/mol. The lack of a correlation between the electronic effect of the para-substituent and the rotational-energy barriers suggest a lack of coplanarity between the rings with a consequent reduction in the cross conjugation within the system.","PeriodicalId":17268,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Chemical Society B: Physical Organic","volume":"1B 1","pages":"1405-1406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87101034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}