Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences最新文献_第5页

Measuring convective organization 测量对流组织

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0103.1

Giovanni Biagioli, Adrian Mark Tompkins

{"title":"Measuring convective organization","authors":"Giovanni Biagioli, Adrian Mark Tompkins","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-23-0103.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-23-0103.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Organized systems of deep convective clouds are often associated with high-impact weather and changes in such systems may have implications for climate sensitivity. This has motivated the derivation of many organization indices that attempt to measure the level of deep convective aggregation in models and observations. Here we conduct a comprehensive review of existing methodologies and highlight some of their relative drawbacks, such as only measuring organization in a relative sense, being biased towards particular spatial scales, or being very sensitive to the details of the calculation algorithm. One widely used metric, I org , uses statistics of nearest-neighbor distances between convective storms to address the first of these concerns, but we show here that it is insensitive to organization beyond the β -mesoscale and very contingent on the details of the implementation. We thus introduce a new and complementary metric, L org , based on all-pair convective storm distances, which is also an absolute metric that can discern regular, random and clustered cloud scenes. It is linearly sensitive to spatial scale in most applications and robust to the implementation methodology. We also derive a discrete form suited to gridded data and provide corrections to account for cyclic boundary conditions and finite, open boundary domains of non-equal aspect ratios. We demonstrate the use of the metric with idealized synthetic configurations, as well as model output and satellite rainfall retrievals in the tropics. We claim that this new metric usefully supplements the existing family of indices that can help understand convective organization across spatial scales.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decomposition of vertical velocity and its zonal wavenumber kinetic energy spectra in the hydrostatic atmosphere 静水大气中垂直速度分解及其纬向波数动能谱

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0090.1

Nedjeljka Žagar, Valentino Neduhal, Sergiy Vasylkevych, Žiga Zaplotnik, Hiroshi L. Tanaka

{"title":"Decomposition of vertical velocity and its zonal wavenumber kinetic energy spectra in the hydrostatic atmosphere","authors":"Nedjeljka Žagar, Valentino Neduhal, Sergiy Vasylkevych, Žiga Zaplotnik, Hiroshi L. Tanaka","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-23-0090.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-23-0090.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The spectrum of kinetic energy of vertical motions (VKE) is less well understood compared to the kinetic energy spectrum of horizontal motions (HKE). One challenge that has limited progress in describing the VKE spectrum is a lack of a unified approach to the decomposition of vertical velocities associated with the Rossby motions and inertia-gravity (IG) wave flows. This paper presents such a unified approach using a linear Rossby-IG vertical velocity normal-mode decomposition appropriate for a spherical, hydrostatic atmosphere. New theoretical developments show that for every zonal wavenumber k , the limit VKE is proportional to the total mechanical energy and to the square of the frequency of the normal mode. The theory predicts a VKE ∝ k −5 and a VKE ∝ k 1/3 power law for the Rossby and IG waves, assuming a k −3 and a k −5/3 power law for the Rossby and IG HKE spectra, respectively. The Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity wave VKE spectra are predicted to follow k −1 and k −5 power laws, respectively. The VKE spectra for ERA5 analyses from August 2018 show that the Rossby VKE spectra approximately follow the predicted a k −5 power law. The expected k 1/3 power law for the gravity wave VKE spectrum is found only in the SH midlatitude stratosphere for k ≈ 10−60. The inertial range IG VKE spectra in the tropical and midlatitude troposphere reflect a mixture of ageostrophic and convection-coupled dynamics and have slopes between −1 and −1/3, likely associated with too steep IG HKE spectra. The forcing by quasi-geostrophic ageostrophic motions is seen as an IG VKE peak at synoptic scales in the SH upper troposphere which gradually moves to planetary scales in the stratosphere.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"9 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135816591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interaction of the Convective Energy Cycle and Large-Scale Dynamics 对流能量循环与大尺度动力学的相互作用

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0066.1

Jun-Ichi Yano, Robert S. Plant

引用次数: 0

Infrared scattering of cloud in an isothermal atmosphere 等温大气中云的红外散射

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0050.1

Chongxing Fan, Xianglei Huang

{"title":"Infrared scattering of cloud in an isothermal atmosphere","authors":"Chongxing Fan, Xianglei Huang","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-23-0050.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-23-0050.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the absence of scattering, thermal contrast in the atmosphere is the key to infrared remote sensing. Without the thermal contrast, the amount of absorption will be identical to the amount of emission, making the atmospheric vertical structure undetectable using remote sensing techniques. Here we show that, even in such an isothermal atmosphere, the scattering of clouds can cause a distinguishable change in upwelling radiance at the top of the atmosphere. A two-stream analytical solution, as well as a budget analysis based on Monte-Carlo simulations, are used to offer a physical explanation of such influence on an idealized isothermal atmosphere by cloud scattering: it increases the chance of photons being absorbed by the atmosphere before they can reach the boundaries (both top and bottom), which leads to a reduction of TOA upwelling radiance. Actual sounding profiles and cloud properties inferred from satellite observations within six-hour timeframes are fed into a more realistic and comprehensive radiative transfer model to show such cloud scattering effect, under nearly isothermal circumstances in the lower troposphere, can lead to ~1 to 1.5 K decrease in brightness temperature for the nadir-view MODIS 8.5-μm channel. The study suggests that cloud scattering can provide signals useful for remote sensing applications even for such an isothermal environment.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Roles of Precipitation and Entrainment in Stratocumulus Transitions Between Mesoscale States 降水和夹带在中尺度间层积云转变中的作用

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-22-0268.1

Fabian Hoffmann, Franziska Glassmeier, Takanobu Yamaguchi, Graham Feingold

{"title":"On the Roles of Precipitation and Entrainment in Stratocumulus Transitions Between Mesoscale States","authors":"Fabian Hoffmann, Franziska Glassmeier, Takanobu Yamaguchi, Graham Feingold","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-22-0268.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-22-0268.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stratocumulus occur in closed or open cell states, which tend to be associated with high or low cloud cover and the absence or presence of precipitation, respectively. Thus, the transition between these states has substantial implications for the role of this cloud type in Earth’s radiation budget. In this study, we analyze transitions between these states using an ensemble of 127 large-eddy simulations, covering a wide range of conditions. Our analysis is focused on the behavior of these clouds in a cloud fraction ( f c ) scene albedo ( A ) phase space, which has been shown in previous studies to be a useful framework for interpreting system behavior. For the transition from closed to open cells, we find that precipitation creates narrower clouds and scavenges cloud droplets for all f c . However, precipitation decreases the cloud depth for f c > 0.8 only, causing a rapid decrease in A . For f c < 0.8, the cloud depth actually increases due to mesoscale organization of the cloud field. As the cloud deepening balances the effects of cloud droplet scavenging in terms of influence on A , changes in A are determined by the decreasing f c only, causing a linear decrease in A for f c < 0.8. For the transition from open to closed cells, we find that longwave radiative cooling drives the cloud development, with cloud widening dominating for f c < 0.5. For f c > 0.5, clouds begin to deepen gradually due to the decreasing efficiency of lateral expansion. The smooth switch between cloud widening and deepening leads to a more gentle change in A compared to the transitions under precipitating conditions.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Composite Response of Traveling Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere Surrounding Sudden Stratospheric Warmings through an Overreflection Perspective 从超反射的角度看平流层突然变暖前后中层大气中行行星波的复合响应

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-22-0266.1

C. Todd Rhodes, Varavut Limpasuvan, Yvan Orsolini

{"title":"The Composite Response of Traveling Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere Surrounding Sudden Stratospheric Warmings through an Overreflection Perspective","authors":"C. Todd Rhodes, Varavut Limpasuvan, Yvan Orsolini","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-22-0266.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-22-0266.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traveling planetary waves surrounding sudden stratospheric warming events can result from direct propagation from below or in situ generation. They can have significant impacts on the circulation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Our study runs a series of ensembles initialized from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, Version 4, nudged up to 50 km by six-hourly Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2, reanalysis to compile a library of sudden stratospheric warming events. To our knowledge, we present the first composite or ensemble study that attempts to link direct propagation and in situ generation by evaluating the wave geometries associated with the overreflection perspective, a framework used to describe how planetary waves interact with critical and turning levels. The present study looks at the evolution of these interactions through the onset of sudden stratospheric warmings with an elevated stratopause or ES-SSWs. Robust and unique features of ES-SSWs are determined by employing an ensemble study that compares ES-SSWs with normal winters. Our study evaluates the production and impacts of westward-propagating, quasi-stationary, and eastward-propagating planetary waves surrounding ES-SSWs. Our results show that eastward-propagating planetary waves are generated within the westward stratospheric wind layer after ES-SSW onset which aids in restoring the eastward stratospheric wind. The interaction of quasi-stationary and westward-propagating waves with the westward stratospheric wind is explored from an overreflection perspective and reaffirms that westward-propagating planetary waves are produced from instabilities at the top of the westward stratospheric wind reversal.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135781758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Physics of High CAPE 关于高CAPE的物理学

IF 3.1 3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0060.1

K. Emanuel

{"title":"On the Physics of High CAPE","authors":"K. Emanuel","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-23-0060.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-23-0060.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Large values of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) are an important ingredient for many severe convective storms, yet there has been comparatively little research on how, physically, such large values arise or why they take on the observed values and climatology. Here we build on recently published observational and theoretical work to construct a simple, one-dimensional coupled soil-atmosphere model of pre-convective boundary layer growth, driven by a single diurnal cycle of prescribed net surface radiation. Based on this model and previously published research, we suggest that high CAPE (>∼ 1000 J/Kg) results when air masses that have been significantly modified by passage over dry, lightly vegetated soils are advected over moist and or moderately vegetated soils and then exposed to surface solar heating. Several diurnal cycles may be needed to raise the moist static energy of the boundary layer to levels consistent with high CAPE. The production of CAPE and erosion of Convective Inhibition (CIN) are strongly affected by the potential temperature of the desert-modified air mass, the level of near-surface soil moisture (and root-zone soil moisture if significant vegetation is present), the type of soil, and the characteristics of the vegetation. Consequently, CAPE production and severe convective weather may be significantly affected by regional-scale land use changes and by climate change.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45824376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What controls the entrainment rate of dry buoyant thermals with varying initial aspect ratio? 是什么控制了具有不同初始纵横比的干浮力热物质的夹带率？

IF 3.1 3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0063.1

Hugh Morrison, N. Jeevanjee, Daniel Lecoanet, John M. Peters

{"title":"What controls the entrainment rate of dry buoyant thermals with varying initial aspect ratio?","authors":"Hugh Morrison, N. Jeevanjee, Daniel Lecoanet, John M. Peters","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-23-0063.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-23-0063.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses theory and numerical simulations to analyze the non-dimensional spreading rate α (change in radius with height) of buoyant thermals as they rise and entrain surrounding environmental fluid. A focus is on how α varies with initial thermal aspect ratio Ar, defined as height divided by width of the initial buoyancy perturbation. An analytic equation for thermal ascent rate wt that depends on α is derived from the thermal volume-averaged momentum budget equation. The thermal top height when wt is maximum, defining a critical height zc, is inversely proportional to α. zc also corresponds to the thermal top height when buoyant fluid along the thermal’s vertical axis is fully replaced by entrained non-buoyant environmental fluid rising from below the thermal. The timescale for this process is controlled by the vertical velocity of parcels rising upward through the thermal’s core. This parcel vertical velocity is approximated from Hill’s analytic spherical vortex, yielding an analytic inverse relation between α and Ar. Physically, this α-Ar relation is connected to changes in circulation as Ar is modified. Numerical simulations of thermals with Ar varied from 0.5 to 2 give α values close to the analytic theoretical relation, with a factor of ~3 decrease in α as Ar is increased from 0.5 to 2. The theory also explains why α of initially spherical thermals from past laboratory and modeling studies is about 0.15. Overall, this study provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding the entrainment behavior of thermals, relevant to buoyantly-driven atmospheric flows.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49550595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Gravity and Mass Loading on the Coalescence of Aerodynamically Interacting Droplets in Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence 重力和质量载荷对均匀各向同性湍流中相互作用的液滴聚并的影响

3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-22-0267.1

Antoine Michel, Ahmad Ababaei, Bogdan Rosa

{"title":"The Influence of Gravity and Mass Loading on the Coalescence of Aerodynamically Interacting Droplets in Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence","authors":"Antoine Michel, Ahmad Ababaei, Bogdan Rosa","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-22-0267.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-22-0267.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The collision–coalescence of cloud droplets in atmospheric turbulent flow is analyzed numerically using direct numerical simulation coupled to a Lagrangian particle tracking. The droplet aerodynamic interactions (AI) are represented for employing two complementary approaches. For large separations, the interaction forces are evaluated by the superposition of Stokes disturbance velocities generated by moving particles. When the distance between droplets is comparable to their mean radii, lubrication forces are additionally considered. Simulation results show that without gravitational acceleration, aerodynamic interactions decrease the kinetics of the coalescence process but do not significantly impact the size spectrum broadening. The influence of AI on the coalescence kinetics is more complex in the presence of gravity and depends on the mass loading and on droplet inertia. Long-range aerodynamic interactions reduce the coalescences in dilute suspensions but increase the collision rate in dense suspensions of high-inertia droplets. In contrast, lubrication forces decrease the collision rate regardless of the mass loading. The collision efficiency induced by aerodynamic interactions additionally is influenced by the radius ratio of colliding droplets and the mechanisms leading to raindrops formation and growth. In cloud-like conditions, both long- and short-range AI decrease the fraction of raindrops created by collisions between droplets (autoconversion) while promoting raindrops growth by accretion (collection by settling drops). In turn, aerodynamic interactions favor the growth of a limited number of droplets and promote the broadening of the droplet size spectrum. This effect is stronger in dilute suspensions of weakly inertial droplets, corresponding to the flow properties encountered in developing precipitation.","PeriodicalId":17231,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135304755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Equity, Inclusion, and Justice: An Opportunity for Action for AMS Publications Stakeholders 公平、包容和正义：AMS出版物利益相关者的行动机会

IF 3.1 3区地球科学

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-23-0135.1

引用次数: 0