Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science最新文献

{"title":"Improvement of Tissue Culture and Agrobacterium tumefaciens Genetic Transformation System in Osmanthus fragrans","authors":"Dao-Wu Zhang, Yuxin Lu, Lan Li, Cheng Zhang, Min Zhang, Yifan Duan","doi":"10.21273/jashs05416-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05416-24","url":null,"abstract":"Osmanthus fragrans is a traditional and famous woody fragrant flowering plant in China with high ornamental value, edible value, and economic value. Due to the long juvenile period, complex reproductive system, and high heterozygosity of O. fragrans , it is difficult to develop new cultivars via traditional crossbreeding methods. Therefore, molecular breeding via genetic engineering, that is, the use of genetic transformation technology, is targeted to improve the traits of O. fragrans . In this study, we established an Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation system of O. fragrans by optimizing tissue culture regeneration system of Osmanthus , and using stem segment of O. fragrans sterile seedling as transformation receptor. The culture medium that is optimal for seed buds emergence is Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) + 3.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.10 mg/L α-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), which results on an average bud emergence percentage of 96.53%. For stem differentiation, the optimal culture medium is B5 medium (B5) + 0.5 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) + 0.05 mg/L NAA, which results on an average bud emergence rate of 75.93%. The most suitable medium for shoot rooting is 1/2 MS + 2.0 mg/L NAA, which results on an average rooting rate of 31.48%. An overexpression vector was constructed with the O. fragrans flower color-related gene OfGGPPS1 as an objective gene, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to transform O. fragrans histoculture seedlings. Quantitative analysis of the transformed plant bodies revealed high expression of the target gene, indicating successful transformation. Therefore, this method can be used for the study of gene function in O. fragrans and provides a reference for the exploration of gene function in other plant species.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"150 6","pages":"328-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Metabolomics-based Analysis of the Dynamics of Peel-coloration Metabolites during Purple Hawthorn Development","authors":"Kerui Jing, Ningguang Dong, Jianyi Liu, Jiaqi Zuo, Siyuan Gao, Yonghua Li, Jiaxin Meng, Hongli Liu","doi":"10.21273/jashs05494-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05494-25","url":null,"abstract":"Purple hawthorn fruit are a rare trait with considerable market and ornamental value. However, the mechanism of the accumulation of purple peel metabolites remains to be elucidated. This study used targeted metabolomics to characterize anthocyanins, carotenoids, and other flavonoids in the peel of Crataegus pinnatifida ‘Zizhenzhu’ during five developmental periods, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis detected 135 metabolites in ‘Zizhenzhu’ peel, including 35 anthocyanins, 68 flavonoids, 24 carotenoids, six proanthocyanidins, and two chlorophylls. As fruit development progressed, the anthocyanin content increased from 20.09 µg·g −1 at Stage 1 (S1) to 1724.69 µg·g −1 at S5. A marked surge in anthocyanin content was observed at S3. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was identified as the predominant anthocyanin in peel, accounting for more than 92% of the total anthocyanin content. Conversely, the carotenoid content gradually declined from 202.26 µg·g −1 at S1 to 73.16 µg·g −1 at S5. Lutein was the major carotenoid, accounting for more than 70% of the total carotenoid content. Furthermore, the chlorophyll content, another pivotal substance influencing color, declined from 297.99 µg·g −1 at S1 to 73.68 µg·g −1 at S5. Phenotype and peel-coloration metabolite analysis indicated that S3 is the color-transfer period for ‘Zizhenzhu’ peel, and the color of hawthorn peel was ended at S5. During this process, the significant accumulation of anthocyanins and the decrease in the carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were the main reasons for the purple coloration of ‘Zizhenzhu’ peel at S5. This study determined the peel-coloration metabolites of ‘Zizhenzhu’ and their accumulation characteristics, thereby elucidating hawthorn peel coloration. Moreover, it provides a theoretical foundation for breeding to alter hawthorn peel color, as well as the development and utilization of functional components.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"150 4","pages":"199-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147922789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change Patterns of Major Functional Components in the Loquat Summer Shoot Leaf during Annual Growth","authors":"Yang Wang, Zengbin Wang, Xiaona Zhao, Yinuo Li, Zhoumin Lu","doi":"10.21273/jashs05409-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05409-24","url":null,"abstract":"Loquat leaves are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and food processing as raw materials. To provide a theoretical basis for suitable harvesting periods based on the utilization of distinct components, the change patterns of major functional components in the annual growth of loquat leaves were investigated. In this study, the summer loquat leaves were sampled regularly during their annual growth, and the contents of seven main functional components and 13 monomer components were determined. The results showed that there was a regular change pattern for major functional components during loquat annual growth from Jul 2020 to Jun 2021; however, the change trend was different among different components. Among them, the contents of total flavonoids, total phenols, total triterpenoid acids, vitamin C, asiatic acid, quillaic acid, corosolic acid, and chlorogenic acid presented an overall upward trend. The content of maslinic acid showed a downward trend, whereas the content of neochlorogenic acid did not change much throughout the whole growth period. The content changes in the loquat leaves were affected by the light durations and temperature changes in different seasons, with mutual transit during the flowering and fruit growth processes. Sampling in May to June was found to be a most optimized option when applied in Chinese medicine processing; however, the degree of fibrosis is another indicator when it is used as food raw material. This study revealed the change pattern of major functional components of loquat leaves during the annual growth period and provides a theoretical basis for the reasonable harvesting period of loquat leaves as raw materials for processing different types of products.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"149 6","pages":"320-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147877807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Huanglongbing-associated Preharvest Fruit Drop Signal Arises Several Weeks Before the Physical Separation of Sweet Orange Fruit","authors":"Sukhdeep Singh, Mary Sutton, Anirban Guha, Fernando Alférez, Christopher Vincent, Tripti Vashisth","doi":"10.21273/jashs05380-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05380-24","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of Huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease presumed to be caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, throughout the state of Florida has coincided with a steady decline in total citrus ( Citrus sp.) production. This decline is partially attributable to the high rates of preharvest fruit drop seen in HLB-affected trees. Although mature fruit drop is a natural phenomenon, the drop rates continue to increase as HLB symptom severity worsens. Unfortunately, how HLB causes this increase in fruit drop remains unknown. The current study aimed to determine the fruit characteristics associated with mature fruit drop in sweet orange ( Citrus × sinensis ) and to provide an understanding of the possible role of endogenous ethylene, carbohydrates, and water deficit in HLB-associated preharvest fruit drop. Therefore, preharvest fruit drop rates of ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees exhibiting mild, moderate, or severe HLB symptoms were monitored during the preharvest period (October–December for ‘Hamlin’ and January–May for ‘Valencia’). In addition, a subset of 20 fruit was collected to measure the fruit detachment force (FDF), which is the amount of force necessary to detach the fruit from the stem. After performing FDF measurements, eight additional physical and biochemical variables of tight and loose fruit (categorized by FDF) were measured. The total fruit drop rate during the preharvest period was higher for trees with severe visual HLB symptoms than for mild trees. Similarly, this increase in drop rates was negatively correlated with the canopy density. The fruit from severe trees (with high preharvest drop) showed increases in gene activity related to ethylene and abscisic acid earlier in the preharvest drop season, but not late in the season. No consistent carbohydrate pattern in tight and loose fruit was observed. Fruit likely to drop (those with lower FDF) were also consistently smaller than the fruit likely to be maintained on the tree (those with higher FDF). Therefore, it is proposed that the suppression of fruit growth early in the developmental period (possibly caused by water deficit) determines the fate (to drop or not) of the fruit before they have reached physiological maturity. Thus, strategies to mitigate preharvest fruit drop should be applied earlier in the season, and possibly during early stages of fruit development. By the time actual fruit drop becomes evident, the fruit drop-related signals have already been triggered, and treatments may not effectively reduce drop.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"149 5","pages":"255-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147879976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arteriovenous fistula creation with VasQ^TM device: A feasibility study to reveal hemodynamic implications.","authors":"Michela Bozzetto, Luca Soliveri, Sofia Poloni, Paolo Brambilla, Diego Curtò, Giuseppina Carmela Condemi, Pietro Cefalì, Irene Spina, Alessandro Villa, Anna Caroli, Andrea Remuzzi","doi":"10.1177/11297298221087160","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11297298221087160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis, but it is still affected by high non-maturation and early failure rates due to stenosis development. Increasing evidence suggests that the presence of turbulent-like flow may play a key role, therefore, to stabilize the flow in the venous segment, an external support device (VasQ^TM) has been designed. The aim of this study was to provide preliminary evidence of VasQ^TM impact on AVF hemodynamics as compared to AVFs created with conventional surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this pilot single-center prospective randomized study six patients were enrolled, three in the VasQ group and three in the control group. Contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired at 3 days, 3 months and 1 year after AVF surgery and were used to generate 3D patient-specific models. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed using pimpleFoam, imposing patient-specific flow waveforms derived from ultrasound (US) examinations at the inlet of the proximal and distal artery, and a traction-free condition at the venous outflow. Morphologic and hemodynamic changes occurring over time were compared between VasQ and control AVFs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our MRI protocol provided high-quality images suitable for reliable segmentation and reconstruction of patient-specific 3D models of AVFs at all three timepoints in four out of six patients. The VasQ^TM device maintained the angle between the artery and the vein almost unchanged over time, with a more stable flow in the AVFs supported by the device. In contrast, one of the AVFs of the control group evolved to an extreme dilatation of the vein and highly disturbed flow, while the other developed a stenosis in the juxta-anastomotic region.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated the feasibility of characterizing the morphological and hemodynamic changes occurring over time in AVFs created using the VasQ^TM device and provided preliminary evidence of the potential hemodynamic benefits of its use.</p>","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"117 1","pages":"60-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10845834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89856719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Loci with Major Contributions to the Genetic Control of Pod Morphological Traits in Snap Bean","authors":"Ana Saballos, Martin Williams","doi":"10.21273/jashs05318-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05318-23","url":null,"abstract":"Snap beans are cultivars of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) that are cultivated for their fleshy immature pods that exhibit a wide diversity of pod shapes and sizes. The genetic basis of the snap bean pod shape is complex and involves the interaction of multiple genes. This study used a snap bean diversity panel composed of heirloom and improved cultivars used in North America and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to investigate the genetic basis of pod morphological characteristics, including length, width, height, width/height ratio, and coefficients of variation ( CV s). The GWAS detected multiple genomic regions associated with each pod trait, with a total of 20 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pod length, 9 for pod width, 14 for pod height, and 10 for pod width/height ratio. Regarding the CV of each pod trait, genome-wide association analyses detected six QTL for length CV s, five for width CV s, 15 for height CV s, and six for width/height ratio CV s. Thirteen regions in seven chromosomes were associated with two or more pod traits. Eighteen QTLs for pod traits in this study colocated with previously reported QTLs for pod and seed traits. The QTL intervals encompass gene models with homologues in other species that are involved in the control of developmental processes. These results capture the complex nature of the genetic control of snap bean pod traits and confirm the significance of genomic regions harboring overlapping QTLs identified in this and other studies. The phenotypic expression of pod traits in snap bean appears to be under the control of a few genomic regions with a strong effect with additional contributions of multiple small-effect regions. Validation of the function of the candidate genes identified in associated regions will contribute to our understanding of legume pod development.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"149 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/jashs/149/1/article-p1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147877695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Far-red Photons Increase Light Capture but Have Lower Photosynthetic Capacity Than Red Photons","authors":"Jun Liu, Marc W. van Iersel","doi":"10.21273/jashs05306-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05306-23","url":null,"abstract":"Far-red photons (700–750 nm) can accelerate crop growth during indoor production through both physiological and morphological processes. A previous study showed that far-red photons can drive photosynthesis with efficiency similar to that of traditionally defined photosynthetically active photons (400–700 nm) if they are provided together with shorter-wavelength photons. Far-red photons also promote leaf and canopy expansion, which can increase light interception and growth. This study aimed to distinguish the contribution of morphological and physiological changes to crop growth induced by substituting red photons with far-red photons. We studied the long-term effects of substituting red photons with far-red photons on canopy light interception and whole-plant photosynthesis. ‘Little Gem’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings were grown under four light spectrums of the same total photon flux density (400–750 nm). In addition to a background of a mixture of white and blue photons of 150 μ mol⋅m −2 ⋅s −1 , we provided 51 μ mol⋅m −2 ⋅s −1 red photons, far-red photons, or mixtures of red and far-red photons. In the first run, plants were harvested twice. The first harvest was at canopy closure, and the second harvest was when plants reached full size. In the second run, we harvested lettuce plants more frequently to minimize leaf overlap and interplant competition. We found that far-red photon substitution promoted leaf and canopy expansion and increased light interception. The effect of far-red photon substitution on leaf and canopy expansion was stronger in the second run than in the first run, likely because of lower plant density in the second run when plants were harvested more frequently. Far-red photon substitution of red photons decreased the amount of extended photosynthetically active radiation (ePAR) photons (400–750 nm) absorbed by leaves because of the lower leaf absorptance of far-red photons. The greater effect on canopy expansion in the second run of far-red photons substitution was able to exceed the reduction of ePAR photon absorption by leaves; therefore, we observed an increased crop gross photosynthetic rate (P g ) between the second and third harvests during the second run. However, during the first run, lower absorptance of ePAR completely offset the effect of the greater canopy size and light interception, and crop P g was decreased in the first run before the first harvest. The changes in light interception and crop P g resulting from far-red photon substitution did not affect dry weight. Far-red photons had photosynthetic activity when applied with a blue and white light mixture, but their efficiency was approximately half that of red photons, potentially because of the lower absorptance of far-red photons. In conclusion, far-red photon substitution of red photons increased canopy size but decreased ePAR photons absorbed by leaves and did not increase the final dry weight. Because far-red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have hig","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"14 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135161759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PhNAL1 Is Involved in Regulating Branch Development of Petunia","authors":"Ziying Jiang, Tongrui Liu, Qi Zhang, Lili Dong, Xinyi Deng","doi":"10.21273/jashs05331-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05331-23","url":null,"abstract":"The branch number of plants is an important agronomic trait that directly influences the ornamental characters and production costs of ornamental plants. Shoot branching has always been a hot topic for Petunia hybrida . During our research, we isolated the homologous gene of narrow-leaf 1 ( NAL1 ), denoted as PhNAL1 . The expression level of PhNAL1 was higher in leaves and axils than in roots, stems, and flowers. Pertinent to shoot apex removal and 6-benzyladenine treatments, both interventions demonstrated a suppressive effect on the expression of PhNAL1 . Through subcellular localization analysis, we found that PhNAL1 predominantly localized in the nucleus. By using RNA interference targeting PhNAL1 , we induced a noticeable increase in branch number while concurrently reducing plant height of petunia. These findings demonstrate that PhNAL1 is involved in regulating branch development within petunia. This study provides genetic resources for the subsequent cultivation of new cultivars of petunia endowed with distinct branching characteristics.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"148 6","pages":"276-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/jashs/148/6/article-p276.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147878456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Self-incompatibility Locus and Chloroplast DNA Regions of Prunus domestica Reflect the Origin and Genetic Diversity of Traditional Cultivars","authors":"Júlia Halász, Gergő Szendy, Beti Ivanovska, Endre György Tóth, Attila Hegedűs","doi":"10.21273/jashs05330-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05330-23","url":null,"abstract":"A traditional cultivar, Besztercei Bt.2, and a clone of an autochthonous landrace (Nemtudom P3) of the hexaploid European plum ( Prunus domestica ) were studied to highlight their breeding perspectives. Five self-incompatibility ribonuclease ( S-RNase ) alleles were detected in both cultivars, with one allele shared. DNA sequence analysis confirmed it as a new, previously unidentified allele in P. domestica , which we labeled as S 18 . This allele was found to share ∼99% identity with the Prunus spinosa S B - RNase allele. Because Prunus species are readily hybridizing, sequence variations in 10 chloroplast DNA regions and nuclear internal transcribed spacers were studied to check if ‘Nemtudom P3’ and ‘Besztercei Bt.2’ are indeed P. domestica . The majority-rule consensus tree of maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences confirmed it, and also indicated genetic differentiation with ‘Nemtudom P3’ and ‘Besztercei Bt.2’ forming a statistically supported subclade within the P. domestica germplasm. Our results pointed to some regions of the P. domestica chloroplast genome ( trnS - trnG - trnG , trnC-ycf6 , and trnD - trnT ) that can be used to detect intraspecific variations. The proportion of parsimony informative characters compared with the total length of amplified regions was the highest in the case of nrITS with 12.1%. The S -genotyping of 68 wild-growing Nemtudom trees showed the genetic consequences of long-term vegetative propagation and occasional crossing between Besztercei and Nemtudom accessions. Controlled pollinations confirmed the self-compatibility of ‘Nemtudom P3’. By clarifying their phylogenetic position, and characterizing the S -locus, our results will help breeding P. domestica cultivars and pave the way to understanding how the S -locus works in a hexaploid Prunus species.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difference in Kernel Shape and Endocarp Anatomy Promote Dehiscence in Pistachio Endocarp","authors":"Shuxiao Zhang, Minmin Wang, Alisa Chernikova, Shaina Eagle, Kaleigh Marie Bedell, Karen Nguyen, Barbara Blanco-Ulate, Judy Jernstedt, Georgia Drakakaki","doi":"10.21273/jashs05324-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05324-23","url":null,"abstract":"A fully split shell in pistachio ( Pistacia vera ) is a trait that is preferred by consumers and is a criterion in evaluating the grade of the pistachio nut. However, although the expanding kernel has been hypothesized to provide the physical force needed for shell split, the mechanisms that control shell split remain unknown. Furthermore, it is intriguing how the shell, or endocarp, splits at the suture ridge when there is no clear dehiscence zone. The objectives of this study were 1) to identify traits associated with dehiscence in fruit in the high-split rate cultivar Golden Hills when compared with the lower split rate cultivar Kerman and determine the anatomic features associated with endocarp dehiscence at the suture region, and 2) to examine the effect of kernel shape on endocarp dehiscence. We determined that, despite the fact that the pistachio endocarp is composed primarily of a single type of polylobate sclerenchyma cell, specialization of cell shape and size at the suture site results in smaller, more flattened cells. We report there is a furrowing of the shell at the dorsal and apical suture sites, where dehiscence initiates. This furrowing is not observed at the ventral suture site or in the indehiscent fruit of Pistacia atlantica , a species that has been used as rootstock for P. vera . In addition, the size of the kernel in the sagittal axis (the width) is strongly associated with a greater split rate. Based on our results, a tentative model emerges in which, in the absence of specialized cell types, cell shape modification can create an anatomically distinct region that is mechanically weak in the endocarp for the initiation of dehiscence, whereas the force from the width of the kernel is necessary for the shell split rate difference as observed in cultivars.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135394892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}