Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems最新文献

{"title":"Adjustment concept for compensating for stiffness and tilt sensitivity of a novel monolithic electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) weighing cell","authors":"M. Pabst, M. Darnieder, R. Theska, T. Fröhlich","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-109-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-109-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper describes the new adjustment concept of novel planar, monolithic, high-precision electromagnetic force compensation weighing cells. The concept allows the stiffness and the tilt sensitivity of the compliant mechanisms that are dependent on the nominal load on the weighing pan to be adjusted to an optimum. The new mechanism is set up and adjusted according to the developed mechanical model. For evaluation of the concept the system is tested on a high-precision tilt table and under high vacuum conditions in the environment of a commercially available mass comparator.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42065989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modular adaptive residual generator for a diagnostic system that detects sensor faults on engine test beds","authors":"M. Wohlthan, G. Pirker, A. Wimmer","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-99-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-99-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. It is a great challenge to apply a diagnostic system for sensor fault detection to engine test beds. The main problem is that such test beds involve frequent configuration changes or a change in the entire test engine. Therefore, the diagnostic system must be highly adaptable to different types of test engines. This paper presents a diagnostic method consisting of the following steps: residual generation, fault detection and fault isolation. As adaptability can be achieved with residual generation, the focus is on this step. The modular toolbox-based approach combines physics-based and data-driven modeling concepts and, thus, enables highly flexible application to various types of engine test beds. Adaptability and fault detection quality are validated using measurement data from a single-cylinder research engine and a multicylinder diesel engine.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42230111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assembly and interconnection technology for high-temperature bulk acoustic wave resonators","authors":"F. Kohler, M. Farina, M. Schulz, H. Fritze, J. Wilde","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-83-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-83-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A sensor based on a piezoelectric single crystal enables operation even under harsh environmental conditions. In addition to the sensor element, the packaging technology is crucial for sensor performance. In this paper, a suitable assembly and interconnection technology concept of\u0000Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) resonators for high-temperature applications is presented as a platform for future sensor assemblies. The concept described here has already been functionally tested as a temperature sensor (Schulz et al., 2021). The concept includes a sapphire base plate, a housing lid, and a spacer made from aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The substrate is metallised with platinum manufactured into thin film and thick film technology. The ceramic components are fused with glass solder. The connection of the resonator to the conductive tracks is realised by thermosonic bonding with 25 µm platinum wire. Initially, the stability of the metallisation must be investigated before subsequent electrical testing under high temperature. Diffusion processes play a major role in this temperature range, and the stability of the layer is a necessary condition for subsequent investigations. A suitable set of bonding parameters and the strength of the platinum bonds prior to and after thermal load is analysed. Shear tests are used to evaluate the quality of the ceramic materials fused with glass solder after thermal ageing. The dielectrical properties of sapphire and glass solder such as the isolation resistance, the relative permittivity, and the loss factor at high temperatures are evaluated using\u0000interdigital structures. The loss factor is measured on both bare interdigital structures and the samples coated with glass solder to make an estimation about the conductive behaviour up to 1000 ∘C. A ceramic lid for the sensor housing is attached by a high-temperature stable glass solder. Since platinum conductors are fed through this glass solder connection, the electrical conductivity of the glass solder is characterised at high temperature. Furthermore, the hermeticity of the assemblies is verified by means of helium leakage tests. These investigations are the basis for the implementation of an assembly and interconnection technology that is suitable for reliable operation under extreme temperature conditions. The packaging technology also offers further possibilities for pressure or chemical sensors that can withstand high-temperature loads.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48396433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of digital metrological twins as software for uncertainty estimation","authors":"I. Poroskun, C. Rothleitner, D. Heißelmann","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-75-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-75-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ongoing digitalization in metrology and the ever-growing complexity of measurement systems have increased the effort required to create complex software for uncertainty estimation. To address this issue, a general structure for uncertainty estimation software will be presented in this work. The structure was derived from the Virtual Coordinate Measuring Machine (VCMM), which is a well-established tool for uncertainty estimation in the field of coordinate metrology. To make it easy to apply the software structure to specific projects, a supporting software library was created. The library is written in a portable and extensible way using the C++ programming language. The software structure and library proposed can be used in different domains of metrology. The library provides all the components necessary for uncertainty estimation (i.e., random number generators and GUM S1-compliant routines). Only the project-specific parts of the software must be developed by potential users. To verify the usability of the software structure and the library, a Virtual Planck-Balance, which is the digital metrological twin of a Kibble balance, is currently being developed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48955407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particularities of pyroelectric detectors in absolute measurements of chopped radiation shown for the example of a spectral responsivity calibration in the near- and mid-infrared spectral range at two primary radiometric standards","authors":"T. Pohl, P. Meindl, J. Hollandt, U. Johannsen, L. Werner","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-61-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-61-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) expanded its capabilities for the calibration of the spectral responsivity s(λ) in the spectral range between 1.5 µm and 14 µm, traceable to the International System of Units (SI), with pyroelectric detectors as transfer standards. The pyroelectric transfer standards were calibrated absolutely against two independent primary radiometric standards, regarding their spectral responsivity s(λ). The first approach uses infrared laser sources at one of the PTB's cryogenic substitution radiometer facilities, which is a primary detector standard for the measurement of radiant power. The second approach uses a blackbody radiator with a temperature of about 1200 K, whose radiation can be calculated by Planck's law and is, in addition, spectrally selected by accurately characterized optical bandpass filters. Due to their measurement principle, pyroelectric detectors can only measure\u0000temporal changes in the input radiant power and are, therefore, operated with a chopper wheel to chop the incident radiation. The detector signal, which is typically measured with a lock-in amplifier, depends not only on the amplitude but also on the temporal shape of the chopped radiant power. It is shown that the calculation of the radiant power used for the determination of the spectral responsivity must be based on an accurate approximation of the temporal shape of the chopped radiant flux at the detector. This shape is different for both applied primary methods. It is further shown that the particularities of the lock-in-technique have to be considered in the calculation of the spectral responsivity, including the correct calculation of the detector signal. The results of the calibration with both approaches are consistent, and the\u0000realized measurement uncertainty is in the range between 1 % and 14 %.\u0000The pyroelectric detectors were thereby established as transfer detectors\u0000for the SI traceable measurement of radiant power in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR).\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48325500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ analysis of hydration and ionic conductivity of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) thin films using an interdigitated electrode array and a nanobalance","authors":"H. Wulfmeier, Niklas Warnecke, L. Pasquini, H. Fritze, P. Knauth","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-51-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-51-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Proton-conducting polymers, such as sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), are of great industrial interest. Such proton\u0000exchange membranes show high tendencies for water and water vapor uptake.\u0000The incorporation of water not only leads to mass and dimensional changes,\u0000but also to changes in conductivity by several orders of magnitude. Both\u0000properties highly impact the potential application of the materials and,\u0000therefore, have to be known precisely. As hydration is diffusion controlled,\u0000thin films may behave differently to bulk specimens. However, the\u0000determination of small mass changes occurring in thin-film samples is very\u0000challenging. In this work, a new measurement setup is presented to simultaneously\u0000characterize the mass change and the conductivity of thin polymer films. The\u0000mass change is measured by resonant piezoelectric spectroscopy (RPS) with a\u0000nanobalance, which is based on high-precision piezoelectric resonators operating in thickness-shear mode (TSM). The mass resolution of this\u0000nanobalance is ±7.9 ng. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and\u0000an interdigitated electrode array are used for conductivity measurements.\u0000The approach is validated by comparing two SPEEK films with different\u0000degrees of sulfonation (DS). The relative humidity (RH) in the measurement setup was changed stepwise within the range ∼ 2 % < RH < ∼ 85 %. For both material compositions,\u0000DS = 0.5 and DS = 0.9, the mass uptake, the hydration number and the\u0000proton conductivity are presented and discussed depending on RH. This newly designed experimental setup allows for in situ characterization of the\u0000properties mentioned above; it can monitor not only the data for the\u0000stationary state, but also the dynamics of the hydration. To the authors'\u0000knowledge this is the first simultaneous and in situ measurement device for\u0000simultaneously sensing mass and conductivity change due to hydration of\u0000polymeric thin-film materials.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46627219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method and experimental investigation of surface heat dissipation measurement using 3D thermography","authors":"R. Schmoll, S. Schramm, Tom Breitenstein, A. Kroll","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-41-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-41-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Three-dimensional thermography describes the fusion of geometry- and temperature-related sensor data. In the resulting 3D thermogram, thermal and spatial information of the measured object is available in one single model. Besides the simplified visualization of measurement results, the question arises how the additional data can be used to get further information. In this work, the Supplement information is used to calculate the surface heat dissipation caused by thermal radiation and natural convection. For this purpose, a 3D thermography system is presented, the calculation of the heat dissipation is described, and the first results for simply shaped measurement objects are presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48020089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in-hive soft sensor based on phase space features for Varroa infestation level estimation and treatment need detection","authors":"A. König","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-29-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-29-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Bees are recognized as an indispensable link in the human food chain and general ecological system.\u0000Numerous threats, from pesticides to parasites, endanger bees, enlarge the burden on hive keepers, and frequently lead to hive collapse.\u0000The Varroa destructor mite is a key threat to bee keeping, and the monitoring of hive infestation levels is\u0000of major concern for effective treatment. Continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of hive infestation levels along with other vital bee hive parameters is coveted, although there is currently no explicit sensor for this task. This problem is strikingly similar to issues such as\u0000condition monitoring or Industry 4.0 tasks, and sensors and machine learning bear the promise of viable solutions (e.g., creating a soft sensor for the task).\u0000In the context of our IndusBee4.0 project, following a bottom-up approach, a modular in-hive gas sensing system, denoted as BeE-Nose, based on common\u0000metal-oxide gas sensors (in particular, the Sensirion SGP30 and the Bosch Sensortec BME680) was deployed for a substantial part of the 2020\u0000bee season in a single colony for a single measurement campaign. The ground truth of the Varroa population size was determined by repeated conventional method application.\u0000This paper is focused on application-specific invariant feature computation for daily hive activity characterization.\u0000The results of both gas sensors for Varroa infestation level estimation (VILE) and automated treatment need detection (ATND), as a thresholded or two-class interpretation of VILE, in the order of up to 95 % are presented.\u0000Future work strives to employ a richer sensor palette and evaluation approaches for several hives over a bee season.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46895425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a dual electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring","authors":"R. Ecker, N. Doppelhammer, B. Jakoby, E. Reichel","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-21-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-21-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The design and fabrication of a dual electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance sensor unit with dissipation monitoring (EQCMD) for in situ monitoring of crystallization processes, such as the formation of zeolites from liquid media, is reported. The integrated temperature unit is based on Peltier elements and precision temperature sensors with accurate and fast temperature control. In this design, two thickness-shear mode quartz disk resonators are oppositely arranged, enabling the application of an electric field through the sample while concurrently being able to monitor the resonance frequencies and quality factors of both resonators. As demonstrated experimentally, this allows for the characterization of the sample by means of the viscosity, via the acoustic impedance, and the electrical conductivity. Monitoring zeolite formation based on these parameters, however, turned out to be challenging, mainly because the electrodes suffered from severe corrosion. Despite the use of chemically resistant materials and insulating coatings, the electrodes were attacked by the reaction medium, presumably due to surface defects. Furthermore, air bubbles, which developed over time and adhered persistently to the quartz\u0000surfaces, also had a negative influence on the measurement. Despite the\u0000encountered issues, we want to communicate our sensor design, as its basic\u0000functionality, including the dedicated electronics and software perform\u0000well, and reporting the observed issues will enable further progress in this field.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49232693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of an infrared gas sensor utilizing an indium-tin-oxide-based plasmonic slot waveguide","authors":"P. Saeidi, B. Jakoby, G. Pühringer, A. Tortschanoff, G. Stocker, J. Spettel, T. Grille, R. Jannesari","doi":"10.5194/jsss-11-15-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-15-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Plasmonic waveguides have attracted much attention owing\u0000to the associated high field intensity at the metal–dielectric interface and\u0000their ability to confine the modes at the nanometer scale. At the same time,\u0000they suffer from relatively high propagation loss, which is due to the\u0000presence of metal. Several alternative materials have been introduced to\u0000replace noble metals, such as transparent conductive oxides (TCOs). A\u0000particularly popular TCO is indium tin oxide (ITO), which is compatible with\u0000standard microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. In this work, the feasibility of ITO as an\u0000alternative plasmonic material is investigated for infrared absorption sensing\u0000applications: we numerically design and optimize an ITO-based\u0000plasmonic slot waveguide for a wavelength of 4.26 µm, which is the absorption\u0000line of CO2. Our optimization is based on a figure of merit (FOM), which\u0000is defined as the confinement factor divided by the imaginary part of the effective mode\u0000index (i.e., the intrinsic damping of the mode). The obtained optimal FOM is\u00003.2, which corresponds to 9 µm and 49 % for the propagation length\u0000(characterizing the intrinsic damping) and the confinement factor,\u0000respectively.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17167,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}