Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS最新文献

The Herculaneum victims of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption: a review. 公元79年维苏威火山喷发的赫库兰尼姆遇难者:回顾。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.97008

P. Petrone

{"title":"The Herculaneum victims of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption: a review.","authors":"P. Petrone","doi":"10.4436/JASS.97008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97008","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific study of the victims of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption began with the first discovery in the 1980s of hundreds of skeletons of people who had taken refuge in the suburban area of Herculaneum. Hundreds of human victims were found crowding the beach and a series of waterfront chambers, fixated into a final posture by the first of the deadly incoming pyroclastic currents. The towns of Herculaneum, Pompeii and other Roman settlements up to 20 kilometers away were suddenly hit and overwhelmed by successive ash-avalanches, fast moving clouds of hot volcanic ash and gases known as pyroclastic surges, capable of killing all residents who were not yet evacuated. Given the impossibility of access to the skeletal remains of the Pompeiians locked within the plaster casts and the sparse occasional finds of victims elsewhere, most of the anthropological studies focused on the victims discovered in Herculaneum. The first investigations were carried out to detect the biological and pathological features of these people. More recent multidisciplinary studies on the victims' skeletons and their volcanological context shed light on the dynamic impacts of the 79 AD Plinian eruption on the area around the volcano and on its inhabitants. The effects of the high temperatures of the surges as suffered by the remaining resident population were revealed, with crucial implications for the present-day risk of a similar outcome to around three million people living close to the volcano, including metropolitan Naples.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121889244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Gut microbiota composition in Himalayan and Andean populations and its relationship with diet, lifestyle and adaptation to the high-altitude environment. 喜马拉雅和安第斯人群肠道菌群组成及其与饮食、生活方式和对高海拔环境适应的关系

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2019-11-25 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.97007

Andrea Quagliariello, M. Di Paola, S. De Fanti, G. Gnecchi-Ruscone, L. Martinez-Priego, David Perez-Villaroya, M. Sherpa, Phurba T. Sherpa, Giorgio Marinelli, L. Natali, M. di Marcello, Davide Peluzzi, Patrizia Di Cosimo, G. D’Auria, D. Pettener, M. Sazzini, D. Luiselli, C. de Filippo

{"title":"Gut microbiota composition in Himalayan and Andean populations and its relationship with diet, lifestyle and adaptation to the high-altitude environment.","authors":"Andrea Quagliariello, M. Di Paola, S. De Fanti, G. Gnecchi-Ruscone, L. Martinez-Priego, David Perez-Villaroya, M. Sherpa, Phurba T. Sherpa, Giorgio Marinelli, L. Natali, M. di Marcello, Davide Peluzzi, Patrizia Di Cosimo, G. D’Auria, D. Pettener, M. Sazzini, D. Luiselli, C. de Filippo","doi":"10.4436/JASS.97007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97007","url":null,"abstract":"Human populations living at high altitude evolved a number of biological adjustments to cope with a challenging environment characterised especially by reduced oxygen availability and limited nutritional resources. This condition may also affect their gut microbiota composition. Here, we explored the impact of exposure to such selective pressures on human gut microbiota by considering different ethnic groups living at variable degrees of altitude: the high-altitude Sherpa and low-altitude Tamang populations from Nepal, the high-altitude Aymara population from Bolivia, as well as a low-altitude cohort of European ancestry, used as control. We thus observed microbial profiles common to the Sherpa and Aymara, but absent in the low-altitude cohorts, which may contribute to the achievement of adaptation to high-altitude lifestyle and nutritional conditions. The collected evidences suggest that microbial signatures associated to these rural populations may enhance metabolic functions able to supply essential compounds useful for the host to cope with high altitude-related physiological changes and energy demand. Therefore, these results add another valuable piece of the puzzle to the understanding of the beneficial effects of symbiosis between microbes and their human host even from an evolutionary perspective.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122403120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Race and perception of human diversity: Five European case studies. 种族和人类多样性的感知:五个欧洲案例研究。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.97006

K. Kaszycka, J. Strzałko

{"title":"Race and perception of human diversity: Five European case studies.","authors":"K. Kaszycka, J. Strzałko","doi":"10.4436/JASS.97006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97006","url":null,"abstract":"Against the background of the results of surveys carried out previously on American, Polish, and European academics, we present new data on the perception of races among non-biological anthropologists. In five case studies, we surveyed 585 respondents belonging to the academic community (of biologists and cultural anthropologists) and ordinary people from three European countries: Poland, Czech Republic and England. All groups were concordant on the question \"Are there [biological] races in humans?\" - replying mostly in the affirmative. For the number of races that humans can be divided into, respondents' views were discordant depending on the society they live in. Regarding opinions about supposed racial characteristics, the response patterns of all groups were again much alike: The vast majority of the participants thought of human races in terms of morphological differences, but mostly did not see an association between race and intelligence, personality and religion. We suggest that the persistence of racial thinking about human diversity depends, to a large extent, on schooling and education, and certainly is a consequence of lack of academic and public discourse on race.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"341 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117025550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Neanderthal endocast from Gánovce (Poprad, Slovak Republic). 尼安德特人来自Gánovce(斯洛伐克共和国的Poprad)。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2019-10-07 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.97005

Stanislava Eisová, P. Velemínský, E. Bruner

引用次数: 5

Race in a genome: long read sequencing, ethnicity-specific reference genomes and the shifting horizon of race. 基因组中的种族:长读测序，特定种族的参考基因组和种族的变化视野。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2019-10-07 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.97004

E. Kowal, B. Llamas

{"title":"Race in a genome: long read sequencing, ethnicity-specific reference genomes and the shifting horizon of race.","authors":"E. Kowal, B. Llamas","doi":"10.4436/JASS.97004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97004","url":null,"abstract":"The sequencing of the human genome at the turn of the 21st century was hailed as revealing the overwhelming genetic similarity of human groups. Scholars of genomics have critiqued the subsequent persistence of race-based genetic science, but were reassured that the wide availability of gene sequencing would end the use of race as a proxy for genetic difference. Once an individual's whole gene sequence could be read, they hoped, their ethnoracial classification would become redundant. At the same time, genome science was recognising that the differences between human genomes went beyond the genome sequence to the structure of the genome itself. 'Structural variation' between genomes, including insertions, deletions, translocations, inversions, and copy number variations, mean that the 'universal' reference genome used for genome sequencing is not so universal. As conventional, 'short-read' sequencing wrongly assumes that all genomes have the same structure, significant genetic variation can be missed. This paper examines the twin phenomena that have been posed as a solution to the biases of short-read sequencing: 'long-read' sequencing and 'ethnicity-specific reference genomes'. Long-read sequencing is a method of generating a genome sequence that can be assembled de novo rather than relying on the reference genome. In recent years, a number of countries including China, Korea, and Denmark have used long-read sequencing and de novo assembly to develop 'national' reference genomes. Our analysis of one ethnicity-specific reference genome project, the Korean Reference Genome (KOREF), finds that it unduly emphasises the importance of population structural variation, framed in nationalist terms, and discounts the importance of individual structural variation. We argue that the intellectual labour required to make a Korean reference genome a coherent concept works to extend the horizon of race, prolonging the temporality of the 'meantime' in which race remains a seemingly valid concept in genomic science.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125614073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab: 3D scanning, measuring, and printing. 虚拟形态学实验室的工作流程:3D扫描、测量和打印。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2019-08-30 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.97003

M. Bastir, Daniel García‐Martínez, Nicole Torres-Tamayo, Carlos A. Palancar, Francisco Javier Fernández-Pérez, Alberto Riesco-López, Pedro Osborne-Márquez, María Ávila, Pilar López-Gallo

{"title":"Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab: 3D scanning, measuring, and printing.","authors":"M. Bastir, Daniel García‐Martínez, Nicole Torres-Tamayo, Carlos A. Palancar, Francisco Javier Fernández-Pérez, Alberto Riesco-López, Pedro Osborne-Márquez, María Ávila, Pilar López-Gallo","doi":"10.4436/JASS.97003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97003","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to give a practical overview, showing how recent available digital technology can be combined to build a laboratory capable to produce 3D (and reproduce in 3D) anatomical models for research, teaching and museum exhibitions on topics related to anatomy, morphology in natural sciences, biology and medicine. We present workflows in our Virtual Morphology Lab that can be used for research, training (museum, academic), and external service. We first review different surface scanning equipment and post-processing techniques that are useful for scanning in museum collections and provide technical recommendations for hard- and software as well as storing media on the web. This section is followed by an overview of available software packages for rigorous and effective 3D measurements of landmarks and sliding semi-landmarks, providing extensive supplementary information with guiding manuals for self-teaching in these cutting-edge but complicated research methods. We review briefly most recent work on virtual GM and describe ways for representing results in form of 3D images and 3D prints (outputs). The last part is dedicated to a summary of our experience in 3D-printing using FDM technology of differently sized printers and thermoplastic materials. Finally, we discuss the above-described workflows and its potential applications in research (paleo, biomedical), teaching and museums pedagogics.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121397908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Craniovascular traits in anthropology and evolution: from bones to vessels. 人类学中的颅骨血管特征和进化:从骨骼到血管。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2017-12-30 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.95003

Hana Píšová, Gizéh Rangel de Lázaro, P. Velemínský, E. Bruner

{"title":"Craniovascular traits in anthropology and evolution: from bones to vessels.","authors":"Hana Píšová, Gizéh Rangel de Lázaro, P. Velemínský, E. Bruner","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95003","url":null,"abstract":"Many aspects of human biology can be reconstructed from skeletal and fossil remains. The endocranial vasculature runs through cerebral, connective, and bone elements, where it is influenced by the functional and structural relationships among these different components of the endocranial system. The imprints and traces of these vessels can be used to analyze the craniovascular features of extinct species or historical samples. These traits can supply information about evolutionary adaptation, the mutual relationships between and within populations, and individual life history. In particular, bioarchaeology considers individual morphological variants as indicators of temporal and spatial relatedness and population structure, whereas paleoanthropology studies functional aspects to consider evolutionary changes and phylogenetic processes. Forensic science can investigate the cause of death associated with craniovascular pathologies by relying on morphological variations for individual identification. In this review, we consider the imprints of middle meningeal vessels, dural venous sinuses, emissary veins, and diploic veins. We summarize the most relevant morphological and functional information about craniovascular features and their applications in retrospective anthropological and medical fields, as well as describing the methodological issues associated with the sampling and quantitative evaluation of these elusive vascular remnants imprinted in the cranial bones.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"1852 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129862419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Impacts of curatorial and research practices on the preservation of fossil hominid remains. 策展和研究实践对原始人类化石遗骸保存的影响。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2017-12-30 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.95002

Adeline Le Cabec, M. Toussaint

{"title":"Impacts of curatorial and research practices on the preservation of fossil hominid remains.","authors":"Adeline Le Cabec, M. Toussaint","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95002","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil remains are the only physical evidence of past forms of life which researchers can use to study the evolutionary biology of a species, especially regarding the human lineage. We review and consider the way in which the conditions surrounding a fossil's discovery and its use for scientific research impacts its long-term preservation. The deterioration of the body starts soon after death, continues in the sediments and only a subsample of the anatomical elements will persist and may finally be unearthed by archeologists. From their recovery onwards, fossil remains are exposed to many sources of further damage: from handling, restoration, measuring to invasive sampling. On the one hand, curators are faced with the inherent challenge of balancing their responsibility to protect fossil specimens with allowing researchers to perform specific analyses or invasive sampling detrimental to the preservation of the fossil. On the other hand, scientists may find their analyses complicated by multiple factors including taphonomy, or restoration techniques (e.g., consolidants, cleaning chemicals). We provide several historical examples illustrating the complex nature of the factors acting on fossil preservation. We discuss concerns about producing and sharing (digital) data from fossils. Finally, we also suggest and support some curatorial practices which maximize the traceability of treatments underwent by a fossil.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121670534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 25

Two Acheuleans, two humankinds: From 1.5 to 0.85 Ma at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopian highlands). 两个阿舍利人，两个人类:1.5 - 0.85 Ma在Melka Kunture(上阿瓦什，埃塞俄比亚高地)。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2016-12-13 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.95001

R. Gallotti, M. Mussi

{"title":"Two Acheuleans, two humankinds: From 1.5 to 0.85 Ma at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopian highlands).","authors":"R. Gallotti, M. Mussi","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95001","url":null,"abstract":"The Acheulean is the longest-lasting human cultural record, spanning approximately 1.5 Ma and three continents. The most comprehensive sequences are found in East Africa, where, in largescale syntheses, the Lower Pleistocene Acheulean (LPA) has often been considered a uniform cultural entity. Furthermore, the emergence and development of Acheulean technology are seen as linked to the emergence and evolution of Homo ergaster/erectus. The criterion for grouping together different lithic assemblages scattered over space and time is the presence of large cutting tools (LCTs), more than of any other component. Their degree of refinement has been used, in turn, as a parameter for evaluating Acheulean development and variability. But was the East African LPA really uniform as regards all components involved in lithic productions? The aim of this paper is to evaluate the techno-economic similarities and differences among LPA productions in a specific micro-regional and environmental context, i.e. at Melka Kunture, in the Ethiopian highlands, and in a specific period of time: between ≈1.5 Ma, when some of the earliest Acheulean complexes appeared, and 1.0-0.85 Ma, when LCTs productions became intensive and widespread. Our detailed comparative analyses investigate all aspects and phases of the chaînes opératoires. Since hominin fossil remains were discovered at some of the analyzed sites, we also discuss differences among lithic productions in relation to the changing paleoanthropological record. Our studies show that at Melka Kunture the LPA techno-complexes cannot be grouped into a single uniform entity. The assembled evidence points instead to \"two Acheuleans\" well-defined by a strong discontinuity in various aspects of techno-economic behaviors. This discontinuity is related to a major step in human evolution: the transition from Homo ergaster/ erectus to Homo heidelbergensis.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133364393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Filling the gap. Human cranial remains from Gombore II (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia; ca. 850 ka) and the origin of Homo heidelbergensis. 填补空缺。Gombore II (Melka Kunture，埃塞俄比亚)的人类头盖骨;大约850年前)和海德堡人的起源。

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS Pub Date : 2016-06-20 DOI: 10.4436/JASS.94019

A. Profico, F. Di Vincenzo, Lorenza Gagliardi, M. Piperno, G. Manzi

{"title":"Filling the gap. Human cranial remains from Gombore II (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia; ca. 850 ka) and the origin of Homo heidelbergensis.","authors":"A. Profico, F. Di Vincenzo, Lorenza Gagliardi, M. Piperno, G. Manzi","doi":"10.4436/JASS.94019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.94019","url":null,"abstract":"African archaic humans dated to around 1,0 Ma share morphological affinities with Homo ergaster and appear distinct in cranio-dental morphology from those of the Middle Pleistocene that are referred to Homo heidelbergensis. This observation suggests a taxonomic and phylogenetic discontinuity in Africa that ranges across the Matuyama/Brunhes reversal (780 ka). Yet, the fossil record between roughly 900 and 600 ka is notoriously poor. In this context, the Early Stone Age site of Gombore II, in the Melka Kunture formation (Upper Awash, Ethiopia), provides a privileged case-study. In the Acheulean layer of Gombore II, somewhat more recent than 875 ±10 ka, two large cranial fragments were discovered in 1973 and 1975 respectively: a partial left parietal (Melka Kunture 1) and a right portion of the frontal bone (Melka Kunture 2), which probably belonged to the same cranium. We present here the first detailed description and computer-assisted reconstruction of the morphology of the cranial vault pertaining to these fossil fragments. Our analysis suggest that the human fossil specimen from Gombore II fills a phenetic gap between Homo ergaster and Homo heidelbergensis. This appears in agreement with the chronology of such a partial cranial vault, which therefore represents at present one of the best available candidates (if any) for the origin of Homo heidelbergensis in Africa.","PeriodicalId":171465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121604221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 40