Flavour and Fragrance Journal最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Microgels Containing Resveratrol Nanoparticles","authors":"ZhiFeng Chen,&nbsp;RuiZhi Peng,&nbsp;ShuMei Tan,&nbsp;ZhiHong Yan,&nbsp;ZhiYong Cai,&nbsp;Yi Liu","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Resveratrol (Res) is a natural antioxidant found in plants such as peanuts, grapes and <i>Polygonum cuspidatum</i>. It exhibits notable physiological activities and has attracted increasing interest in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cosmetic applications. However, its practical application is limited by poor aqueous solubility and inherent instability. In this study, highly antioxidant nanoparticles were fabricated through the self-assembly of N-nonanyldopamine (NND), 3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid (3-EtAA), and Res. These nanoparticles were further processed into microgels via electrospray to enhance the chemical stability of Res. The resulting Res-loaded nanoparticles (RNPs) exhibited a particle size of 223.8 ± 7.28 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.16% ± 0.87%. The Res-loaded microgels (RMGs) displayed a particle size of approximately 1.72 ± 0.58 μm and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.89% ± 1.51%. Both formulations exhibited strong antioxidant capacity, with DPPH• scavenging activity nearly four times higher than that of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA). Furthermore, the RMGs demonstrated excellent stability, retaining more than 90% of Res after 12 h at 55°C. In summary, this study significantly improved Res stability through an active-ingredient self-assembly strategy and further enhanced its antioxidant performance by formulating it into nanoparticles and subsequently into microgels via electrospray. This approach offers a promising strategy for improving the stability of resveratrol.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmasking Scent Authenticity: A Comparative Analysis of Original Versus Fake Perfumes","authors":"Wael Hananeh,&nbsp;Abdalmajeed M. Alajlouni","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proliferation of counterfeit perfumes poses growing challenges to consumer safety, brand integrity and regulatory enforcement. This study examines three popular fragrances, coded D, V and G, by comparing the ingredient profiles of their original and counterfeit versions. Ingredients were classified into those exclusive to authentic samples, unique to fakes and those shared by both. Results reveal that original perfumes consistently utilise rare, high-grade synthetics such as Cashmeran and Ambrox, while counterfeits often substitute these with inexpensive fillers like Dipropylene Glycol or hazardous compounds including phthalates. The findings highlight key authenticity markers and underscore significant health risks associated with counterfeit formulations. This research contributes to consumer awareness, regulatory action and anti-counterfeiting strategies within the fragrance market.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"362-367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Emulsifiers on Encapsulation Stability and Flavour Quality in O/W Emulsion of Alaska Pollock Frame Hydrolysate","authors":"Chaonan Sun,&nbsp;Yucong Xu,&nbsp;Guoqiang Wu,&nbsp;Hongwei Luan,&nbsp;Ying Bu,&nbsp;Wenhui Zhu,&nbsp;Xuepeng Li","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper studied the different emulsifiers on encapsulation stability and flavour quality in the O/W emulsion of APF hydrolysate. The particle size distributions of whey protein, Tween 80 and lecithin were 6.45, 6.57 and 6.97; physical stability was 93.16%, 90.18% and 86.69%; and encapsulation capacity was 96.25%, 93.83% and 93.62%, respectively. Meanwhile, whey protein (655.65 Pa) has a higher critical shear stress than Tween 80 (634.27 Pa) and lecithin (518.86 Pa). Whey protein as an emulsifier in O/W emulsion has better physical properties. Sensory evaluation showed that whey protein (2.46 ± 0.62), lecithin (5.82 ± 0.63) and Tween 80 (3.66 ± 0.65) were all less bitter than the APF hydrolysate (8.00 ± 1.00). The electronic tongue obtained similar results. A total of 52 volatile compounds were identified by GC-IMS. In conclusion, this study found that the whey protein O/W emulsion exhibited good stability and had a debittering effect on the APF hydrolysate.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"402-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GC–MS Characterisation, In Vitro Bioactivities, In Silico Molecular Docking and ADMET Studies of Phytoconstituents From Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns Essential Oils","authors":"Michael G. Ibok,&nbsp;Oluwakayode O. Odeja,&nbsp;Ejike O. Okpala,&nbsp;Patricia A. Onocha,&nbsp;Damilare D. Babatunde,&nbsp;Dolapo L. Ashiru,&nbsp;Kayode J. Adeyanju,&nbsp;Emmanuel O. Yeye","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Rytigynia umbellulata</i> (Hiern) Robyns is often deciduous and has many folkloric uses, such as anti-malaria and anti-diabetic. This study investigated the essential oil constituents of <i>Rytigynia umbellulata</i> leaf and stem, along with their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities as well as investigating <i>in silico</i> molecular docking and ADMET studies of phytoconstituents. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for identification and characterisation. <i>In silico</i> studies were performed using AutoDock Vina in the PyRx workspace. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oils was evaluated using the 2,2′–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) method, while the brine shrimp lethality test determined cytotoxic potential. The GC–MS analyses revealed 11 and 13 compounds in the leaves and stem essential oils of <i>R. umbellulata</i>, representing 98.5% and 95.1% of the total oil contents, with phytol (73.5%) and pentadecanal (55.1%) as the most abundant components, respectively. The essential oils showed significant antioxidant activity with a 69.03% ± 0.41% inhibition. The <i>in silico</i> studies supported the cytotoxicity potential of the essential oils with the highest binding affinity and attributed the strongest inhibitory activity to <i>β</i>-Gurjunene and Acorenone with respect to the reference standard, doxorubicin, for both the target proteins. Acorenone, pentadecanal and phytol present significantly lower probabilities of AMES toxicity (0.163), Human Hepatotoxicity (0.156), and Carcinogenicity (0.195) compared to doxorubicin, indicating a safer profile in these critical areas. Phytoconstituents of the leaf and stem essential oil of <i>R. umbellulata</i> might be linked to the free radical scavenging and cytotoxic potential observed in this study.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"346-361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Harvesting at Different Times on Antioxidant Potential and Phytochemical Contents of Kickxia lanigera and Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia: In Vitro and In Silico Studies","authors":"Fatih Gül,&nbsp;İbrahim Demirtaş,&nbsp;Yunus Başar,&nbsp;Lütfi Behçet","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thanks to the various biological effects of the secondary metabolites it contains, plants have been used to treat various diseases. Free radicals, generated by psychological and biochemical processes, cause disease in the human body, as well as oxidation, decomposition, and microbial reactions in food all of which have negative effects. Various <i>Kickxia</i> species are used to treat different diseases in traditional medicine. This study investigated the content analysis (HPLC-DAD) and antioxidant activities (total antioxidant, reducing power, H₂O₂ scavenging and DPPH^• scavenging) of methanol-chloroform extracts of <i>K. lanigera</i> and <i>K. spuria</i> subsp. <i>integrifolia</i> harvested at different time points. Additionally, molecular dynamics were employed to determine the interaction and binding energy of the primary components (as identified by HPLC-DAD analysis) of <i>Kickxia</i> species with antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase and human erythrocyte catalase. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that the main components were gallic acid and trans-ferulic acid. Although the results of the antioxidant activity tests varied according to the time of harvest and the type of activity, the extracts generally showed greater activity than the standards in the H₂O₂ scavenging tests. According to the molecular docking results, gallic acid (−6.80 kcal/mol) was found to have a higher binding energy than trans-ferulic acid (−5.90 kcal/mol). MM/PBSA analysis revealed that the binding energies of gallic acid and trans-ferulic acid with catalase were −9.08 and −28.73 kcal/mol, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"333-345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising Process Parameters for Development of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Oil-Based Food-Grade Antibacterial Oil-in-Water Microemulsion","authors":"Vijayalakshmi Ghosh,&nbsp;Mohammad Adnan Raza,&nbsp; Ajazuddin","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oil-in-water microemulsions have budding interest as delivery agents of lipophilic bioactive components in the food industry due to small droplet size and optical transparency. Microemulsion was prepared using basil essential oil, polysorbate 20 and water by stirring at 400 rpm (low energy emulsification method). Microemulsion droplet size decreased when the surfactant concentration was increased. As the concentration of surfactant increased, a decrease in the droplet size was recorded, that is, 73, 36, 25, and 11 nm for BF2, BF3, BF4 and BF5 respectively. However, the trend reversed for optical transparency and viscosity. The droplet diameter of the optimised BF5 formulation was found to be 11 nm with spherical morphology. All the microemulsion formulations were thermodynamically stable, but the BF5 formulation showed marvellous kinetic stability for more than 210 days. The optimised basil oil microemulsion BF5 formulation demonstrated dose and time-dependent bactericidal efficacy against <i>Bacillus cereus</i>. Ten-fold diluted BF5 microemulsion caused total loss of viability in 40 and 50 min respectively. Incubation with 100-fold dilution of BF5 microemulsion showed 20%, 36%, 45% and 61% inactivation of <i>B. cereus</i> in 10, 20, 30 and 40 min correspondingly. Higher dilutions (1000-fold) of BF5 also demonstrated significant bactericidal activity. Approximately 60% bacterial cell killing was detected in 50 min of exposure to 1000-fold dilution of BF5 microemulsion. Alteration in bacterial membrane permeability upon microemulsion treatment was suggested by measuring 260 nm absorbing materials leakage. Further this microemulsion can be used as an antibacterial agent for food preservation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"324-332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Anatomical, Chemical, Biological and Computational Studies Approach of Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey) DC. A Multifaceted Insight Into a Promising Amazonian Species","authors":"Eliza de Jesus Barros dos Santos,&nbsp;Zelina Ataíde Correia,&nbsp;Ely Simone Cajueiro Gurgel,&nbsp;Leonardo Souza da Costa,&nbsp;Mabrouk Horchani,&nbsp;Hayet Edziri,&nbsp;Ravendra Kumar,&nbsp;Anderson de Santana Botelho,&nbsp;Karyme do Socorro de Souza Vilhena,&nbsp;Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,&nbsp;Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Myrcia sylvatica</i> (G. Mey) DC, a native aromatic species from the Brazilian Amazon, was comprehensively studied for its anatomical, histochemical, chemical and biological characteristics, including an in silico evaluation. Leaves were subjected to anatomical and histochemical analysis, revealing secretory structures associated with the accumulation of lipids, terpenes, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) and chemically characterised via GC–MS, revealing sesquiterpenes such as α-zingiberene, germacrene D and spathulenol as major constituents. The SD-extracted oil presented higher antioxidant activity (ABTS IC₅₀ = 6.80 mg/mL; DPPH IC₅₀ = 12.80 mg/mL) and greater toxicity against <i>Artemia salina</i> (LC₅₀ = 4.17 μg/mL) than the HD essential oil. Correlation analysis indicated distinct biosynthetic clusters of compounds. Molecular docking and ADME analysis highlighted spathulenol and globulol as promising bioactive molecules with potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. These results provide unprecedented insights into the bioactive potential and chemical ecology of <i>M. sylvatica</i>, supporting its application in natural product development.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"270-293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Activity, Composition Analysis and Stability Evaluation of Essential Oils Against Common Pathogens of Bovine Endometritis","authors":"Xu-Dong Wang,&nbsp;Can-Can Wang,&nbsp;Gui-Lian He,&nbsp;Le-Le Chen,&nbsp;Jun-Yu Liang,&nbsp;Ji Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rising threat of antimicrobial resistance in bovine endometritis necessitates alternative treatments. This study evaluated 13 plant essential oils against major endometritis pathogens (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>). Among these, <i>Zingiber officinale</i>, <i>Thymus mongolicus</i>, and <i>Cedrus deodara</i> essential oils showed inhibitory effects against all three pathogens, with <i>T. mongolicus</i> essential oil showing consistent inhibition zones of 20.17–22.88 mm. Chemical analysis identified 4-terpineol (19.162%), carvacrol (18.395%), p-cymene (14.006%), and eucalyptol (12.454%) as the main components of <i>T. mongolicus</i> essential oil. The antibacterial activity of <i>T. mongolicus</i> essential oil was maintained across different temperatures (4°C–100°C), pH conditions (5–8), and UV exposure periods. MIC and MBC values ranged from 3.125 to 6.25 mg/mL and 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL, respectively, with antibacterial effects increasing with concentration. SEM observations revealed visible membrane damage in bacterial cells after treatment. These findings suggest that <i>T. mongolicus</i> essential oil could be considered for managing antimicrobial-resistant bovine endometritis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"294-307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olfactory Perception and Receptor Binding of Damascone Isomers: Unravelling the Role of Double Bond Configuration","authors":"Jingtao Wang,&nbsp;Shan Wang,&nbsp;Wu Fan,&nbsp;Qingzhao Shi,&nbsp;Qidong Zhang,&nbsp;Yao Wang,&nbsp;Tianbing Zhang,&nbsp;Yuan Liu,&nbsp;Guobi Chai","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The molecular architecture of odorants, nuanced by factors such as chirality and carbon chain length, significantly influences sensory perception. Despite this, the role of double bond isomerization in olfactory evaluation remains underexplored. This study delves into how the double-bond rearrangement in damascone impacts flavour perception, combining sensory evaluation and computational simulation. Sensory results showed that <i>α</i>- and <i>δ</i>-damascone had more pronounced minty notes, while <i>β</i>-and <i>δ</i>-damascone exhibited more significant floral ones. Notably, the odour thresholds determined via the S-curve method were 0.0145 μg/mL, 0.0373 μg/mL and 0.0011 μg/mL for <i>α</i>-, <i>β</i>- and <i>δ</i>-isomers, respectively, indicating a significant difference in potency. To further investigate the influence of double bond rearrangement on receptor binding, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were utilised. Molecular docking revealed that <i>δ</i>-damascone had the lowest binding energy, correlating with its high potency, and identified key interactions with residues such as TYR-262 and TYR-251. Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrated that double bond isomerization affected the binding stability between the three damascones and olfactory receptors, as evidenced by root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) fluctuations, with <i>α</i>- and <i>δ</i>-damascone forming more stable complexes. Together, these results provide a mechanistic understanding of how double bond configuration dictates damascone odour perception through distinct receptor binding modes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"160-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Utilisation of L-Menthol Isomer: The Flavour Assessment of New Potential Spices Derived From D-Menthol","authors":"Jibo Liu,&nbsp;Linghui Jin,&nbsp;Chaoyang Wang,&nbsp;Zheng Zheng,&nbsp;Haiyan Yu,&nbsp;Haifang Mao,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang,&nbsp;Liqing Qiu,&nbsp;Huaixiang Tian","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Consumers' quest for rich sensory attributes has driven in-depth research into a new class of potential cooling agents. Herein, with the aim of comprehensive utilisation of by-products in the L-menthol industry, D-menthyl acetate, D-menthyl ethylene glycol carbonate, and D-menthyloxyethanol have been synthesised from D-menthol. Sensory evaluation revealed that D-menthyl acetate exhibited the most complex aroma, combining minty, sweet, and woody notes, while D-menthyl ethylene glycol carbonate had a cooling threshold of 2.51 mg/L, close to its L-isomer (1.91 mg/L). Molecular docking indicated that stereochemical differences led to altered hydrogen bond lengths and hydrophobic interactions, affecting receptor binding. Electrostatic potential analysis further confirmed that D-isomers had slightly weaker electronegative regions near functional groups, consistent with their milder cooling effects. These findings suggest that D-menthol derivatives possess distinct cooling and aroma characteristics due to differences in spatial configuration and binding affinity, providing new insights for cooling agent design.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"219-230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}