DecisionSciRN: Other Psychology & Decision-Making (Sub-Topic)最新文献

{"title":"The impact of only child peers on the classroom environment and students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes","authors":"Xiqian Cai, Qingliang Fan, Congying Yuan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927536","url":null,"abstract":"We utilize representative and randomly assigned class data in China to study how being integrated with classmates who are only children in a family affects students’ academic and non-cognitive outcomes. A single child has certain common characteristics related to social preferences and learning attitude, which will potentially change the classroom environment. Our findings show that having a 10-percentage-point increase in the proportion of only child peers in the classroom improves students’ test scores by 6.78% of a standard deviation. However, when facing a higher share of only children, students’ mental health and social acclimation will decrease. A somewhat more interesting finding is that only children appear to suffer more from having only child peers than students with siblings regarding social acclimation. A further decomposition of mechanisms suggests that teachers’ teaching strategy, student-parent interactions, and student-student interactions explain a total of approximately 32.52% of this effect on test scores, and the lack of student-student interactions accounts for approximately 22.50% of the loss of social acclimation at school.","PeriodicalId":170437,"journal":{"name":"DecisionSciRN: Other Psychology & Decision-Making (Sub-Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114281143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Intuition and Perception in Decision Making under Time Constraint in Tournament Chess and Probability: J M Keynes and Herbert Simon","authors":"M. E. Brady","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3653987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3653987","url":null,"abstract":"Keynes’s father, J N Keynes ,was a ranked and rated chess master in tournament chess who played first board in OTB (Over-The- Board) matches for Cambridge University in the late 1870’s and early 1880’s.J M Keynes undoubtedly learned how to play chess from his father. However, what he also learned was the important role that intuition and perception play in the OTB chess competition, but not in correspondence (postal) chess. \u0000 \u0000The nearly three hundred year old claim, originally made by J.Bentham , which is still the foundation for all classical ,neoclassical, new classical, and new neoclassical theories, is that decision makers are able to calculate an optimal numerical outcome and an optimal ,numerical probability, on which to base their future decisions (moves) in the game of life (chess) under no time constraint. Thus, the decision problem specified by Bentham is, by analogy, the type of situation faced in Correspondence or postal chess. This is also what F P Ramsey’s subjective approach to probability entails-There is no time constraint on the decision maker. Ramsey would have been a horrible (under 800 USCF) OTB chess player since he would lose all his games on time as his clock fell. \u0000 \u0000However, Ramsey’s approach would have made him a very formidable postal or correspondence chess player, where one has no effective time constraint and a player can search for the best, optimal move whereas OTB players are looking for a good (Simon’s satisfactory outcome) move based on their intuitive perception of their study of similar positions from chess theory and competitive experience, given the unclear and ambiguous positions that appear often in middle game situations on the chessboard. \u0000 \u0000Both Keynes and Simon understood that, in most situations on the chess (OTB) board, as well in the game of life, the operational time constraint makes it impossible to calculate a best or optimal outcome or probability over the board or in real life economic, political, and social decision problems or situations. However, it is possible to discover what is called a good or interesting move, which Simon characterized as a satisfying approach, as opposed to maximizing. I know of no tournament chess player in my lifetime of any rating, excluding those who have become academic economists and have turned their backs on the qualities they know were required to become a good chess player, so as to be in step with the Benthamite Utilitarian economist claim that all decision makers can calculate optimal or best decisions in the future, who believes that they can generally calculate precisely over the board.","PeriodicalId":170437,"journal":{"name":"DecisionSciRN: Other Psychology & Decision-Making (Sub-Topic)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126133124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Examination of the Impact of Locus of Control on Investor Behavioral Biases","authors":"A. S. Lather, Shilpa Jain, Shivani Anand","doi":"10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.010","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between locus of control and behavioral biases (emotional and cognitive) in investor decision-making. Our research involved three stages. In the first stage, we undertook an exhaustive review of the existing literature to identify 20 commonly occurring biases in investor decision making. In the second stage, we individually studied each bias to identify and develop instruments for measuring these biases in investor decision making. During the pilot phase, based on exploratory factor analysis, some of these biases were clubbed together. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to develop a validated instrument for measuring these biases. In stage three, the finalized questionnaire along with Levenson’s locus of control was administered on a group of investors across the country and 618 responses were received. The results of this study have revealed underlying patterns within biases based on the Individual Control, Powerful others and Chance control. Investors with a high score on individual control showed significant differences and had a stronger inclination to being prone to Mental Accounting, Self Control, Framing, Illusion of Control, Regret Aversion, Recency, Availability, Anchoring and Adjustment, Optimism, Confirmation, Overconfidence and Endowment related biases. Further, Individuals having higher Chance control scores had a higher inclination to having cognitive dissonance within their investment decision making. Thus, results from this study helped understand the impact of locus of control on investor biases and preferences to facilitate the identification of an investor’s predisposition towards particular investing choices. This also serves as a mechanism to identify whether investors have an underlying inclination towards specific biases in investment decision making. This identification can facilitate remediation or corrective actions on part of the investor based on whether he has an internal or an external locus of control.","PeriodicalId":170437,"journal":{"name":"DecisionSciRN: Other Psychology & Decision-Making (Sub-Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124091693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice: Evidence from Commodity Price Shocks","authors":"Justine S. Hastings, Jesse M. Shapiro","doi":"10.3386/W18248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W18248","url":null,"abstract":"We formulate a test of the fungibility of money based on parallel shifts in the prices of different quality grades of a commodity. We embed the test in a discrete-choice model of product quality choice and estimate the model using panel microdata on gasoline purchases. We find that when gasoline prices rise consumers substitute to lower octane gasoline, to an extent that cannot be explained by income effects. Across a wide range of specifications, we consistently reject the null hypothesis that households treat \"gas money\" as fungible with other income. We evaluate the quantitative performance of a set of psychological models of decision-making in explaining the patterns we observe. We also use our findings to shed light on extant stylized facts about the time-series properties of retail markups in gasoline markets.","PeriodicalId":170437,"journal":{"name":"DecisionSciRN: Other Psychology & Decision-Making (Sub-Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126915996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}