{"title":"2 Historical Overview","authors":"M. Schifter, S. Fernando, Jamma Li","doi":"10.1515/9783839458082-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839458082-004","url":null,"abstract":"Lichen planus is a chronic systemic disease of established immune-mediated pathogenesis. [1] It most commonly, protractedly and persistently, involves the mucosa of the oral cavity, but it can involve other sites, namely the skin, the scalp (with inflammation around and affecting the hair follicles) resulting in alopecia), the nails as well as the genital area the vulval and vaginal mucosa, and the glans penis. Other sites of involvement that are far less frequently described include the oesophagus and conjunctiva. There are seven recognized oral presentations of lichen planus: (1) reticular, (2) papular, and (3) plaque-form and the (4) atrophic, (5) ulcerative (erosive) and rare (6) vesiculo-bullous form [2] and (7) desquama‐ tive gingivitis, this latter term is a clinical descriptor, used to describe inflammation, with a mix of erythema, erosion and/or ulceration of the gingival tissues and the immediately adjacent alveolar mucosa, not incited by the presence of dental bacterial plaque. These latter four forms of OLP can be associated with significant discomfort requiring either topical and/or systemic immunosuppressive therapy.","PeriodicalId":169911,"journal":{"name":"Moves - Spaces - Places","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134324844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4 Methodology","authors":"J. Kunert","doi":"10.5771/9783845272726-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845272726-113","url":null,"abstract":"In this section a detailed description of the methodology developed for modeling agrichemical transport is presented. Two agrichemicals are selected: a nutrient, nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen, and a herbicide, atrazine. These chemicals are introduced in Section 4.1. Section 4.2 describes two geographic analysis regions: one region used for developing a statistical model, and another smaller region used for GIS model development and its verification. The regression equations that relate chemical concentrations to the chemical application on the field, selected watershed descriptors, climatic variables, and the month of a year, are developed utilizing the USGS data collected in more than 150 watersheds scattered over the Mississippi-Missouri Basin above Thebes, Illinois, and the Ohio Basin above Grand Chain, Illinois. A GIS application of these equations is developed and verified for the Iowa-Cedar River watershed located in Iowa and Minnesota. A detailed mathematical description of the statistical model is presented in Section 4.3. It provides an overview of the transport equations, introduces the explanatory variables which explain the spatial and seasonal (monthly) variations of the nitrate and atrazine concentrations in surface waters, and explains the concept of spatio-temporal \" cascade \" modeling within GIS. The watershed parameters of the statistical model are estimated from the 500 m DEM. The GIS model of agrichemical transport in the Iowa-Cedar River basin is presented in Sections 4.4-4.6. Section 4.4 describes the methodology of discretizing the watershed, i.e., subdividing the basin into small (about 30 km 2) hydrologic units and determining the flow connectivity between these units utilizing the 3 arc-sec DEM.","PeriodicalId":169911,"journal":{"name":"Moves - Spaces - Places","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125094913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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