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User Financing in a National Payments for Environmental Services Program: Costa Rican Hydropower 国家环境服务支付方案中的用户融资:哥斯达黎加水电
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2010-03-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1345932
A. Blackman, Richard T Woodward
{"title":"User Financing in a National Payments for Environmental Services Program: Costa Rican Hydropower","authors":"A. Blackman, Richard T Woodward","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1345932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1345932","url":null,"abstract":"National government-funded payments for environmental services (PES) programs often lack sustainable financing and fail to target payments to providers of important environmental services. In principle, these problems can be mitigated by supplementing government financing with contributions from leading environmental service users. We use original survey data and official statistics to analyze user financing in Costa Rica’s renowned national PES program, focusing on the amounts and sources of user financing, the drivers of contributions, and contributors’ perceptions of the PES program. We find that user financing has supported less than three percent of the acres enrolled in the program and that hydroelectric plants are the largest private sector contributors. Large hydroelectric plants tend to contribute while small ones do not. The weight of evidence suggests that in addition to ensuring the provision of forest environmental services, hydroelectric plants’ motives for contributing to the PES program include improving relations with local communities and government regulators—common drivers of participation in all manner of voluntary environmental programs. These findings raise questions about the potential of user financing to improve the efficiency and financial sustainability of national PES programs.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129351562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 67
Traffic Safety and Vehicle Choice: Quantifying the Effects of the 'Arms Race' on American Roads 交通安全和车辆选择:量化“军备竞赛”对美国道路的影响
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2009-08-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1446982
Shanjun Li
{"title":"Traffic Safety and Vehicle Choice: Quantifying the Effects of the 'Arms Race' on American Roads","authors":"Shanjun Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1446982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1446982","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing market share of light trucks in the U.S. in recent years has been characterized as an “arms race” where individual purchase of light trucks for better self-protection in collisions nevertheless leads to worse traffic safety for the society. This paper investigates the interrelation between traffic safety and vehicle choice by quantifying the effects of the arms race on vehicle demand, producer performance, and traffic safety. The empirical analysis shows that the accident externality of a light truck amounts to $2,444 in 2006 dollars during vehicle lifetime. Counterfactual simulations suggest that about 12% of new light trucks sold in 2006 and 204 traffic fatalities could be attributed to the arms race.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126587815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Combining Rebates with Carbon Taxes: Optimal Strategies for Coping with Emissions Leakage and Tax Interactions 退税与碳税相结合:应对排放泄漏与税收互动的最优策略
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2009-05-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1408692
C. Fischer, Alan K. Fox
{"title":"Combining Rebates with Carbon Taxes: Optimal Strategies for Coping with Emissions Leakage and Tax Interactions","authors":"C. Fischer, Alan K. Fox","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1408692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1408692","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions regulations like carbon pricing raise the price of covered sector goods and thus can interact with and exacerbate other preexisting distortions in the economy. One such distortion is labor taxes. Another is emissions \"leakage\" due to the lack of comparable emissions pricing abroad or among other emitting sectors at home. A potential response is to combine the emissions tax with a rebate to production to mitigate the price increases. We use an optimal tax framework to solve for the optimal emissions tax and output rebate, given these distortions. We then employ a multisector computable general equilibrium model based on the GTAP framework to simulate the effects of a $50 per-ton carbon tax on the major emissions-intensive sectors in the U.S. economy and estimate optimal rebates by sector.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114803217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 53
Use of Time for Outdoor Recreation in the United States, 1965–2007 1965-2007年美国人户外娱乐时间的使用
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2009-05-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1408690
J. Siikamäki
{"title":"Use of Time for Outdoor Recreation in the United States, 1965–2007","authors":"J. Siikamäki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1408690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1408690","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines time-use for outdoor recreation during 1965 to 2007. Using data on over 47,000 individuals from six nationally representative time-use surveys, we first document time-use trends between 1965 and 2007. We then develop a two-part instrumental variable censored regression model (a hurdle model) to predict individual-level time-use. Our results show that per capita time-use in outdoor recreation has more than doubled since 1965. This long-term increase was driven largely by increased participation rate. However, in the last decade or two, per capita time-use in outdoor recreation has stayed constant or slightly decreased. This change was driven mostly by reduced time-use by active participants; participation rate has not changed considerably. Demographics, amount of leisure, and other factors all have contributed to changes over time, but their effects and relative importance vary between participation, time-use per active participant, and time periods.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116722916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Earth Observations in Social Science Research for Management of Natural Resources and the Environment: Identifying the Contribution of the U.S. Land Remote Sensing (Landsat) Program 自然资源和环境管理社会科学研究中的地球观测:确定美国陆地遥感(Landsat)计划的贡献
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2009-03-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1351989
M. Macauley
{"title":"Earth Observations in Social Science Research for Management of Natural Resources and the Environment: Identifying the Contribution of the U.S. Land Remote Sensing (Landsat) Program","authors":"M. Macauley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1351989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1351989","url":null,"abstract":"This paper surveys and describes the peer-reviewed social science literature in which data from the U.S. land remote sensing program, Landsat, inform public policy in managing natural resources and the environment. The Landsat program has provided the longest collection of observations of Earth from the vantage point of space. The paper differentiates two classes of research: methodology exploring how to use the data (for example, designing and testing algorithms or verifying the accuracy of the data) and applications of data to decisionmaking or policy implementation in managing land, air quality, water, and other natural and environmental resources. Selection of the studies uses social science-oriented bibliographic search indices and expands results of previous surveys that target only researchers specializing in remote sensing or photogrammetry. The usefulness of Landsat as a basis for informing public investment in the Landsat program will be underestimated if this body of research goes unrecognized.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123617148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Understanding Errors in EIA Projections of Energy Demand 理解能源需求环境影响评估预测中的错误
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2008-11-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1299037
C. Fischer, Evan M. Herrnstadt, R. Morgenstern
{"title":"Understanding Errors in EIA Projections of Energy Demand","authors":"C. Fischer, Evan M. Herrnstadt, R. Morgenstern","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1299037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1299037","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the potential for systematic errors in the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) widely used Annual Energy Outlook, focusing on the near- to mid-term projections of energy demand. Based on analysis of the EIA's 22-year projection record, we find a fairly modest but persistent tendency to underestimate total energy demand by an average of 2 percent per year after controlling for projection errors in gross domestic product, oil prices, and heating/cooling degree days. For 14 individual fuels/consuming sectors routinely reported by the EIA, we observe a great deal of directional consistency in the errors over time, ranging up to 7 percent per year. Electric utility renewables, electric utility natural gas, transportation distillate, and residential electricity show significant biases on average. Projections for certain other sectors have significant unexplained errors for selected time horizons. Such independent evaluation can be useful for validating analytic efforts and for prioritizing future model revisions.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127334656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 38
Integrating EJ into Federal Policies and Programs: Examining the Role of Regulatory Impact Analyses and Environmental Impact Statements 将环境保护纳入联邦政策和计划:审查监管影响分析和环境影响报告的作用
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2008-10-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1299062
Shalini P. Vajjhala, S. Szambelan, Amanda Van Epps
{"title":"Integrating EJ into Federal Policies and Programs: Examining the Role of Regulatory Impact Analyses and Environmental Impact Statements","authors":"Shalini P. Vajjhala, S. Szambelan, Amanda Van Epps","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1299062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1299062","url":null,"abstract":"Following Executive Order 12898 in 1994, federal agencies have taken a variety of steps to incorporate environmental justice (EJ) into their programs and practices. Two scales at which these efforts are critical are regulatory design and enforcement. This study evaluates Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) across three federal agencies (the Department of Energy, the Department of Transportation, and the Environmental Protection Agency) to compare the extent to which EJ is addressed at these two scales, across agencies, and over time. By searching agency documents for key EJ variables, such as site, population, and impact characteristics, we develop a framework to determine if RIAs and EISs include sufficient information to identify disproportionate impacts of proposed regulations or projects on minority and low-income communities. Results of this analysis reveal that EJ issues are noted more frequently in all three agencies’ EISs over time, but few RIAs or EISs contain enough data to assess whether EJ impacts are significant.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125287830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Managing Costs in a U.S. Greenhouse Gas Trading Program: A Workshop Summary 美国温室气体交易计划的成本管理:研讨会总结
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2008-07-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1238804
M. Tatsutani, W. Pizer
{"title":"Managing Costs in a U.S. Greenhouse Gas Trading Program: A Workshop Summary","authors":"M. Tatsutani, W. Pizer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1238804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1238804","url":null,"abstract":"Cost containment has emerged as a major point of contention in the current congressional debate about designing a cap-and-trade program to limit future U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper reviews basic concepts and policy options for cost management, drawing on a March 2008 workshop sponsored by Resources for the Future (RFF), the National Commission on Energy Policy, and Duke University’s Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. The different sources and temporal dimensions of cost uncertainty are explored, along with possible mechanisms for addressing short- and long-term cost concerns, including banking and borrowing, emissions offsets, a price cap (or safety valve), quantity-limited allowance reserve, and the concept of an oversight entity for GHG allowance markets modeled on the Federal Reserve. Recognizing that the inherent trade-off between environmental certainty and cost certainty has no perfect solution, the paper nonetheless concludes that numerous options exist for striking a reasonable and politically viable balance between these two objectives. In the effort to forge consensus around a particular set of options, it will be important for policymakers to strive to fit the remedy to the problem they are trying to solve and to preserve the underlying integrity of the overall program in terms of its long-term ability to sustain meaningful market incentives for low-carbon technologies.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130911419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
An Update on the Science of Acidification in the Adirondack Park 阿迪朗达克公园酸化科学的最新进展
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2008-05-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1350026
Anna Mische John, D. Burtraw, David A. Evans, H. Banzhaf, A. Krupnick, J. Siikamäki
{"title":"An Update on the Science of Acidification in the Adirondack Park","authors":"Anna Mische John, D. Burtraw, David A. Evans, H. Banzhaf, A. Krupnick, J. Siikamäki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1350026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1350026","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a review of the science pertaining to all aspects of acidification in the Adirondack Park, updating an earlier review of the science (Cook et al. 2002). The review supports an ongoing social science investigation into the willingness to pay for ecological improvements that would result from reduced acid deposition. This paper builds a bridge between the physical science and social science by providing the background that will allow researchers to accurately summarize the crucial elements of ecological status and improvement in a stated preference survey.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116601578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Are the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gases from Passenger Vehicles Negative? 减少乘用车温室气体排放的成本是负的吗?
Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.950519
I. Parry
{"title":"Are the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gases from Passenger Vehicles Negative?","authors":"I. Parry","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.950519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.950519","url":null,"abstract":"Energy models suggest that the cost of reducing carbon emissions from the transportation sector is high relative to other sectors, such as electricity generation. However, this paper shows that taxes to reduce passenger vehicle emissions produce large net benefits, rather than costs, when account is taken of (a) their impact on reducing non-carbon externalities from passenger vehicle use, and (b) interactions with the broader fiscal system. Both of these considerations also strengthen the case for using a tax-based approach to reduce emissions over fuel economy regulation, while fiscal considerations strengthen the case for taxes over (non-auctioned) emissions permits.","PeriodicalId":169802,"journal":{"name":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115745464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
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