Journal of Plant Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Biological Characteristics and Control Methods of Benghal Dayflower [<i>Commelina benghalensis </i>L.]","authors":"Xueli Wu, Kai Jiang, Yue Ma, Yongzhuo Zhao, Shen-guang Chen, W. Lu, Juan Sun","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210906.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210906.12","url":null,"abstract":"Benghal dayflower (Commelina Benghalensis L.) widely distribute in the world and have strong and special reproductive methods. Benghal dayflower also possesses the ability to root at the nodes and can be propagated from cut stems. Under suitable environmental conditions, Benghal dayflower can reproduce very quickly and form invasive populations in crop planting areas that could cause outbreaks of crop pests and diseases as host of plant pathogens. Benghal dayflower is not sensitive to a variety of herbicides including glyphosate. Especially in recent years, with extensive promotion of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified crops and use of glyphosate, that has changed the species and composition of weeds in farmland systems. The control methods of Benghal dayflower mainly included chemical control, mechanical control and comprehensive management of crop production. But no comprehensive and effective control strategy has been developed. Benghal dayflower had become a malignant weed in agricultural production and caused serious agricultural economic lossesas. At present, the research on Benghal dayflower mainly focuses on biological characteristics, reproductive strategies, hazards and control methods. There are few studies on the physiological and ecological mechanism, the comparison of invasive community types, the process of invasion and diffusion in different species communities, and the dynamics of population response to the environment. and the ecological factors and efficient control methods are still unclear. In this review, our primary objective is designed to lay a theoretical foundation for the development of more economical and effective control technologies and preventative strategies via description of biological and ecological features, harms and formative mechanism of Benghal dayflower; that will help to devise new guidelines and technical approaches for effective prevention and control of Benghal dayflower.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73950004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Water Stress Tolerance of Tuberous Begonia (Begonia×tuberhybrida) by OsmiR393a Gene Transformation","authors":"T. Ho, Hak-Song Pak, Sokjun Ri, Kang-kwun Kim, N. Mun","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210905.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210905.14","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Begonia is greatly affected by abiotic stresses, which lead to losses in greenhouse production and flower longevity. Obtaining more-tolerant plants is a very important breeding goal in ornamentals. To achieve abiotic tolerant Begonia×tuberhybrida, OsmiR393a, a miRNA involved in the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses, was introduced using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Explants were cultured on modified MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA, 0.5 mg/L IAA, and 5 mg/L hygromycin for transgenic selection and regeneration. Stable integration of the transgene was verified in putatively transformed plants by PCR screening. When fresh flower longevity was evaluated by the period from bloom to wilting of 3 petals, flower longevity of transgenic line was 8 d longer than control. Furthermore, 15 days after stress treatment, petals of control plants wilted, whereas transgenic lines remained. This results shows that expressing OsmiR393a could extend only flower longevity without affecting flower type under water stress in Begonia×tuberhybrida. In addition, the transgenic plants displayed lower transpiration rate, higher proline content and chlorophyll content when subjected to water stress. These results suggest OsmiR393a may improve water stress tolerance of Begonia×tuberhybrida by regulating different pathways in response to the stress conditions and miR393a is conservatized between monocotyledon and dicotyledon.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75246042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Engineering of Banana Against Bacterial Diseases","authors":"M. Adero, E. Syombua, Richard O. Oduor","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210905.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210905.13","url":null,"abstract":"Banana (Musa spp) is among the top ten most important food crops worldwide in terms of production and consumption. However, banana production is threatened by several bacterial diseases, including Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pathovar (pv). musacearum, Moko disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, and Blood disease caused by Ralstonia syzygii sub-species (subsp). Celebesensis. Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) is the most economically important bacterial disease affecting banana production, particularly in the African Great Lakes region. Banana breeding through conventional approach is key to overcoming yield losses to bacterial phytopathogens. However, conventional breeding of bananas is limited by low male and female fertility and the lack of diversity and important traits in the gene pool. At present, only Musa balbisiana (banana progenitor species) is resistant to BXW, but breeders do not prefer it for breeding because it harbors banana streak virus (BSV) sequences in its B genome, which get activated during abiotic stress, such as drought, leading Banana Streak Disease (BSD). Thus, genetic engineering serves as a viable alternative and complement to conventional breeding for banana improvement. This review highlights the strategies, challenges, status, and prospects of genetic engineering of bananas against bacterial diseases.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89154347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterotic Groups, Gene Action and Heterosis Among Maize Inbred Lines Selected for the Major Agro-ecologies of Rwanda","authors":"A. Nyombayire, J. Derera, J. Sibiya, C. Ngaboyisonga","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210905.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210905.12","url":null,"abstract":"Maize breeding programmes exploit inbred lines with superior combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits to create competitive hybrids. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine heterotic groups of locally developed maize inbred lines, their heterotic relationships, with exotic testers as well as the gene action controlling grain yield. Nineteen maize inbred lines were crossed to four testers, based on a line x tester mating scheme resulting in 76 test crosses. These crosses were evaluated together with four checks in 10 x 8 α-lattice design across four locations in 2015B and 2016A seasons. Both additive and non-additive gene action were important for grain yield with preponderance of additive gene action. The most desirable GCA effects for grain yield were realized in inbred line 8 while the highest desirable SCA effects were displayed by the test cross 18xT1. Generally, most of the inbred lines exhibited positive heterosis with all testers. However, there was more aligning firstly towards tester T2 and then to T3. The highest heterosis was displayed by the combination of inbred line 8 with 3. Regardless of the heterotic grouping method applied, the inbred lines were discriminated into different heterotic groups; two and nine heterotic groups were identified based on standard heterosis and SCA effects; respectively. The information generated would be useful in optimizing the maize hybrid breeding programme in Rwanda and for other researchers for high yielding maize variety development.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91009322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed Sowing Dates Affected Alfalfa Overwintering Survival Rates by Reducing Soil Temperature Stress","authors":"Aimin Zhu, Zhang Qingxin, Xiao-Yan Du, Xian‐Guo Wang, Yu-Xia Zhang, Guo-Dong Han, Baiming Cong, Yong-Lei Tian","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.22","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the effect of sowing time on alfalfa overwintering and its mechanisms. Gongnong No. 1 alfalfa was sown on July 1, July 16, August 1 and August 15, 2017, and was not cut at the end of autumn. The soil temperature changes in the 10 and 20 cm soil layers were monitored during the overwintering period, and bare land was monitored as a control. The growth characteristics of alfalfa were observed at the end of autumn, and the overwintering survival rate was measured at the end of April 2018. Research shows that as the sowing delay increased, the alfalfa hay yield, plant height, root collar diameter and overwintering survival rate decreased gradually. The minimum temperature of the 10 and 20 cm soil layers decreased as the sowing delay increased, and the diurnal temperature difference increased. Compared with that of alfalfa sown on August 15, the aboveground biomass of alfalfa sown on July 1 increased the average minimum temperature difference in the 10 and 20 cm soil layers by 3.12°C and 2.99°C, respectively, and reduce the average diurnal temperature difference by 3.33°C and 2.15°C. These results indicated that delaying alfalfa sowing reduces the cover on the field, which results in substantial differences in the minimum temperature and the diurnal temperature difference between the 10 and 20 cm soil layers. Our research has suggested that the minimum temperatures of the 10 and 20 cm soil layers and the increase in the diurnal temperature difference are important reasons for low overwintering survival rates in alfalfa. Therefore, sowing should occur in early July, and mowing should not be performed at the end of autumn in northern China.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72722779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pot Size and Planting Media on the Early Seedling Growth Performance of Azadirachta indica A. Juss","authors":"H. Abebe","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.21","url":null,"abstract":"Neem is a multipurpose tree that is provides food and insecticide and is used for its great number of ethnomedicinal properties. Neem, known botanically as Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a member of the mahogany family (Meliaceae), and orders Geraniales, and is synonymous with Melia azadirachta Linn and Melia indica Brandis. Azandirachta indica originates from the arid and semi-arid areas of Burma and Northeast India. Neem is a large evergreen tree 12 to 20 meters tall and may reach a girth of 1.8 to 2.5 meters with a round, dense crown. The aim of this study was to determine appropriate pot size and growing medium for Azadirachta indica A. Juss seedlings, which will be used for successful plantation. For this purpose, polyethylene pots of 15 cm length and 8, 10 and 12 cm lay flats diameter were used. As growing medium, 5 different treatments were used, containing different ratios of top/local soil (TS), forest soil (FS), compost (Co) and sand soil (SS) collected from local, natural forest environments and highly decomposed compost (the different materials get from locally easily available). The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications under open field conditions of forestry nursery. Some morphological properties of the seedlings, such as seedling height and root collar diameter growth parameters were measured ever two weeks for four (4) months old seedlings. The finding of this experimental study revealed/showed that relatively higher growth recorded in GM2 and GM4 ratio of composite growing media (3/2 topsoil:2 compost:1 sand soil) composites soil mixed growing media with both 10 cm and 12 cm lay flat polythene pots (PS2 and PS3) should be utilized for raising Azandirachta indica (Neem) seedling to achieve the best seedlings quality. To obtain the best or optimum seedling quality were the interaction effects of growing media and appropriated containers (pot sizes) were important and basic than doing experiment separately. Knowing the best growing media was the major determinant to get the best quality seedlings at the nursery for successful plantation.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75963371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Some Wollega Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Landrace in Western Ethiopia Using Quantitative Traits","authors":"Dawit Merga, H. Mohammed, Ashenafi Ayano","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.18","url":null,"abstract":"Arabica coffee is the predominant commodity in contributing for foreign exchange in Ethiopia and improvement for yield and other desirable traits is highly momentous. Estimating genetic diversity is a prerequisite activity in plant breeding program for crop improvement. This study was designed to determine the extent of genetic variability among Wollega coffee landrace and importance of gene revealed in traits. The 26 genotypes were tested during the 2016/2017 cropping season at Mugi and Haru sub- enters using RCBD. The combined analysis manifested significant difference among genotypes only in node number per primary branch (NNPB), fruit traits and Coffee leaf rust (CLR) although significant difference recorded for 18 and 22 of the 23 traits at Haru and at Mugi, respectively. The difference between environments was significant for all traits, except for CLR, yield (YLD), leaf, some fruit and bean traits. Performance at Haru was less than at Mugi for all traits showed significant difference. Genotype x environment (GEI) was significant for all traits excluding NNPB, leaf length (LL), fruit width and CLR indicating inconsistency performance of Coffee genotypes. At Haru, high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV>20%) recorded for YLD (25.5%), CLR (110.0%) and number of secondary branch (NSB) (22.0%), but High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV>20%) recorded only for CLR (99.6%). At Mugi, High PCV and GCV (>20%) recorded for YLD (38.6%) and CLR (98.4%). Heritability ranged from 10.0% (YLD) to 88.0% (BW) while genetic advance (GAM) ranged from 1.5% (LL) to 32.4% (NSB) at Haru. At Mugi, Heritability ranged between 31% (CLR) and 84.0% (bean thickness) and between 3.3% (LL) and 44.0% (YLD) for GAM. The present results elucidate the existence of moderate genetic diversity among genotypes for some traits at individual location indicating the possibility of improvement for desired traits via selection. For further diversity analysis, molecular characterization methods need to be carried out.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77571678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration by Using Different Five Empirical Models for Melkassa Area, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia","authors":"Gebeyehu Ashemi","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.19","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate estimate of reference evapotranspiration is essential for water resource and irrigation project planning and operation that include optimal irrigation scheduling. The study was conducted at melkassa the aim of the study was to estimate reference evapotranspiration of Melkassa area using five different empirical models. Evapotranspiration of the crop and reference evapotranspiration are affected by the climatic parameters like temperature, sunshine duration, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and so on. Hence, all available climatic data gathered and the estimation of reference evapotranspiration of the area calculated based on five models used. ETo computed by The Blaney-Criddle method, Modified penman method, Radiation method, Throntwaite method and Hargreaves equation. From the result Thornthwaite method gave the maximum rate of Reference evapotranspiration (264.7 mm/month) which is over estimated. The Blaney-Criddlemethod provided the smallest reference evapotranspiration rate (83.7 mm/month). Moreover, the Modified Penman method showed relatively high estimation next to Thornthwaite method and it consists of the energy (radiation) terms and the aerodynamic (wind speed and relative humidity) terms which increased the method to be suggested for the area. The Radiation method showed better evapotranspiration next to Modified Penman method it is the best alternative in the presence of measured wind speed and air humidity data.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82642862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Grain Yield and Malt Quality of Three Malt Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties at Arsi Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Fasil Shimelis, Zenebe Mulatu","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.16","url":null,"abstract":"Grain yield and malt quality of barley are largely influenced by the specific variety, soil property and applied nitrogen fertilizer rates. Consequently, nitrogen fertilizer application could lead to tradeoff between grain yield and malt quality and grain yield resulting in significant loss for beverage industries and farmers. Thus a field experiment was carried out during 2018/2019 main cropping season on Nitisol at Arsi Zone of Ethiopia to study the effect of grain yield and malt quality response of malt barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) Varieties to different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Factorial combination of three malt barley varieties (Holker, Ibon and Fanaka) and five rates of nitrogen fertilizer (11.5, 23, 34.5, 46 and 57.5 kg N ha-1) were laydown in split plot arrangement Nitrogen fertilizer rate as main plot and varieties as sub plot replicate three times. Data on soil sample analysis results revealed that, the soil physic-chemical property didn’t show significant variation in both before planting and after harvest. The interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and varieties had significant influence on grain yield, thousand kernel weight and hectoliter weight. Malt extract content and germination energy were significantly affected by main effect of malt barley varieties, while grain protein content affected only by nitrogen rate. Thus application of 57.5 kg N ha-1 to Ibon malt barley variety produced better (2.629 t ha-1) grain yields at the study area. From this point of view it can be conclude that Ibon Varity fertilized with 57.5 kg N ha-1 was found to be better in terms of both yield performance and economic feasibility for malt barley production in study area.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87232297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Woody Plant Species Diversity of Dembeza Natural Forest, Enebsae Sarmider District, North Western Ethiopia","authors":"Tensay Ayalew, Sisay Alemu","doi":"10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JPS.20210904.17","url":null,"abstract":"The natural forest in Ethiopia has significant contribution to the ecological and economy of the country. The study was conducted at Dembeza natural forest to explore woody plant species diversity. Systematic and predetermined sampling method was followed to collect the inventory data. The main objective of the study was to undergo inventory of indigenous woody plant species, record regeneration status, determining floristic composition and list out the plant species which have threatened and need immediate conservation. The study was conducted during December to January 2021. A total of four transect and 40 plots were used to collect the inventory data. From the natural forest a total of 66 plant species belongs to 41 families were recorded. The life form distribution of this species was 2 (3.17%) herb, 4 (6.34%) liana, 41 (65.07%) shrub and 16 (25.39%) tree. Fabaceae was found the most species rich families comprising 7 (11.11%) also Lamiaceae and Celastraceae follow with the same 4 (6.34%). The variation of the species frequency ranges between 2.5- 85% showing high heterogeneity in species distribution. Among those Acacia lahai 2.5%, Ekebergia capensis 2.5% Apodytes dimidiata 5% held less in distribution while, Abutilon figarianum 22.5%, Acacia abyssinica 60%, Carissa spinarum 65% and Croton macrostachyus 85% are comparatively recorded high in frequently appearing or widely distributed woody plant species. The total seedling density per hectare of the forest was 6606.25, which have highest density in the forest were Juniperus procera (206.25), Acanthus sennii (218.75), Carissa spinarum (381.25), Myrsine africana (293.75), Calpurnia aurea (418.75) and top Croton macrostachyus (1375). While species which have lowest density were Acacia lahai, Acokanthera schimperi, Calusena anisata, Dovyalis abyssinica, Dodonaea angustifolia, Rhus glutinosa, Rosa abyssinica, Steganotaenia araliacea which mean species not recorded seedling during the inventory. The major factor recorded in the forest were browsing, cutting and logging. Minimizing human intervention, eradicating of invasive alien species and prevent forest disturbance should applied in Dembeza natural forest.","PeriodicalId":16806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90306744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}