{"title":"Cooperative Initiative through Pre-Play Communication in One-Shot Games","authors":"Pablo Hernández-Lagos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2488492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2488492","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers two games, a stag hunt and a prisoners' dilemma. Each game features non-binding, costless, and free-form pre-play communication. I focus on players who verbally first suggest cooperation in each game. I study experimentally whether the frequency of verbal initiative-taking for cooperation varies across games and whether initiative-taking induces cooperation in each game. In the stag hunt, I find that initiative-taking is ubiquitous and initiators cooperate more often than non-initiators. In the prisoners' dilemma, initiative-taking is less frequent relative to the stag hunt and initiators cooperate remarkably more often than non-initiators. In this case, initiators who cooperate are also more altruistic, averse to lying, and believe others are likely to cooperate compared to initiators who defect. Thus, initiating a suggestion to cooperate signals propensity to cooperate even when monetary incentives encourage defection. Moreover, optimistic and intrinsically motivated initiators are essential in attaining mutual cooperation when the (pecuniary) best response is to defect from it.","PeriodicalId":166814,"journal":{"name":"LRN: Attributes of Leaders (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130802257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Token Woman","authors":"Maria Strydom, Hue Hwa Au Yong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2136737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2136737","url":null,"abstract":"We examine gender diversity, its impact on firm performance and earnings quality and particularly whether a critical number of female directors are required to empower them to best fulfil their duties on corporate boards. The extant literature shows a positive association exists between diversity (measured as one woman on the board) and earnings quality, but no relationship with performance is documented. We propose these studies measure “tokenism” (having one woman on the board) rather than diversity (having enough female directors to empower them) and that a critical mass (number of women) is needed for “normalization” to occur allowing removal of the gender barrier (Asch, 1951). We therefore examine boards with three or more female directors in relation to firm performance and earnings management and show firms with at least three female directors significantly outperformed others and also have better earnings quality. True gender diversity therefore appears to be associated with improved performance; tokenism, on the other hand, is not.","PeriodicalId":166814,"journal":{"name":"LRN: Attributes of Leaders (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127174197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leadership and Commitment: The Relationship Between Leaders’ Personality Traits and Organizational Commitment","authors":"Matt T. Argano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1992735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1992735","url":null,"abstract":"Is there a relationship between leaders’ personality traits and organizational commitment among their associates? • A quantitative research design tested the relationship between leaders’ personality traits and organizational commitment Apparel and Consumer Packaged Goods organizations • New York and New Jersey markets • Leaders’ personality traits assessed utilizing the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) • Associates’ levels of organizational commitment measured utilizing the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) • Findings: There is a significant relationship between specific leaders’ personality traits and organizational commitment among their associates","PeriodicalId":166814,"journal":{"name":"LRN: Attributes of Leaders (Topic)","volume":"16 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117189715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}