Journal of Optical Technology最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of phase noises in the laser interferometer for the SOIGA gravitational wave detector project","authors":"Sergey Donchenko, Ruslan Davlatov, Evgeniy Lavrov, Denis Sokolov, Ivan Skakun, Pavel Gunin","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000289","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of a focal pi-Shaper using the ray-mapping method","authors":"Yan V. Terlo, Anna O. Voznesenskaya","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000242","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. The modified ray-mapping method for the synthesis of a two-component beam-shaper is studied. These beam-shapers are used to obtain a uniform intensity flat-top profile. Aim of study. The development and approbation of an algorithm for the simultaneous synthesis of a pair of a two-component laser focal pi-Shapers is the aim of the study. Method. The algorithm for calculating the design parameters of a pair of freeform optical surfaces is based on simultaneous ray tracing in the direct and reverse directions by modifying the ray-mapping method. Main results. It is shown that the implemented algorithm works efficiently enough with a significant distance between the components. The calculated model of the beam-shaper has a residual transverse aberration Δymax′<0.82mrad; the mean-square deviation of the intensity distribution of the output radiation from the required one is no more than 1% for the refractive surface tolerance equal to 0.05 µm. The effective conservation length of the output beam is up to 50 mm. Practical significance. The developed algorithm for the synthesis of the optical system of the laser focal pi-Shaper uses a preset distribution of the radiation intensity on the input and output target surfaces. It can be used to design various laser beam-shapers forming intensity distribution profiles, which confirms its versatility.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beam expanders for coherent illumination and speckle reduction","authors":"A. V. Morozov, S. E. Dubynin, A. N. Putilin, S. S. Kopenkin, Y. P. Borodin","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000271","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. Optical elements combined based on holographic optical elements and a lightguide are studied. Aim of study. The aim of the study is the development of compact optical systems to convert a collimated beam with Gaussian energy distribution from a coherent radiation source into a uniform homogeneous cross-sectional beam with enlarged dimensions. Method. Coherent radiation is coupled into and outcoupled from the lightguide using holographic optical elements. The lightguide and the matched scatterer create a multitude of secondary point sources. These sources combine through interference to generate a total field with the necessary energy distribution and aperture. Main results. The authors propose several modifications for the combined optical elements based on holographic optical elements and a lightguide. The total efficiency of these elements is 40%–45% (the diffraction efficiency of individual elements is 80%–85%) with a beam uniformity of approximately 80% and a decrease in speckle contrast to the level of 20%–30%. Practical significance. The proposed technical solutions with regard to the development of combined optical elements based on lightguides and holographic optical elements can significantly reduce the energy consumption, dimensions, and weight of visualization systems, specifically wearable virtual and augmented reality devices.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of neodymium ions on the parameters of volume Bragg gratings recorded in chlorine- containing photo-thermo-refractive glasses","authors":"Khaldoon Nasser, Nikolay V. Nikonorov, Sergey A. Ivanov, Alexander I. Ignatiev","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000231","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. Chlorine-containing photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass activated by neodymium ions is studied. Aim of study. The aim is to study the effect of neodymium concentration on photo-thermo-induced crystallization and the refractive index modulation amplitude in the volume Bragg grating recorded in the glass. Method. To obtain the values of refractive index modulation amplitude, volume Bragg gratings are recorded in this glass. The angular selectivity contours of the transmission beam were measured. The values of the refractive index modulation amplitude are calculated using the coupled wave theory. Main results. The maximum values of the refractive index modulation amplitude in the virgin undoped chlorine-containing PTR glass and the glass doped with neodymium are 1.6×10−3 and 0.6×10−3, respectively. Practical significance. The chlorine-containing PTR glass activated with rare-earth ions gives an opportunity to record volume Bragg gratings. It opens new possibilities for its application in integrated optics devices, such as distributed-feedback lasers.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflection holographic photopolymer gratings with an anharmonic modulation of the refractive index","authors":"Dmitry I. Derevyanko, Evgeniy F. Pen, Vladimir V. Shelkovnikov","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000278","url":null,"abstract":"The subject is reflection holographic photopolymer gratings with an anharmonic profile of the refractive index modulation. The goal of this work is to determine the conditions for the formation of a holographic photopolymer material synthesized at the N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, volume reflection holograms with a high diffraction efficiency in the first and second diffraction orders, as well as their characterization, a calculation of the refractive index modulation in the first and second orders of diffraction, a determination of the dependence of the diffraction efficiency on the type of polymer binder, as well as irradiated intensity. Method. The characterization of the obtained holograms included recording the formed holograms’ transmission spectra, theoretical evaluation of their diffraction efficiency, and refractive index modulation amplitude using known formulas. Results. The diffraction and spectral properties of holographic photopolymer gratings with a high anharmonic modulation of the refractive index modulation are studied. Samples of the reflection gratings with a second-order diffraction efficiency of 90% were obtained. The dependence of these properties on the type of polymer matrices (polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane) and the intensity of the incident radiation is established. Practical significance. The high efficiency of the diffraction second order in reflection photopolymer holograms can be useful for creating additional properties of security elements.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-optical shaping of a three-dimensional self-induced transparency soliton in ⁸⁷Rb vapors","authors":"Sergey N. Bagaev, Igor B. Mekhov, Igor A. Chekhonin, Mikhail A. Chekhonin","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000227","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. Three-dimensional solitons of the theory of self-induced transparency of laser pulses with a converging cylindrical wavefront and different transverse spatial profiles of the pulse field in 87Rb vapor (resonant transition D2, wavelength 780.24 nm) are studied. Aim of study. The aim is the experimental study of three-dimensional solitons of self-induced transparency of laser pulses for the development of new device prototypes for resonant quantum microwave photonics using laser signal processing methods in the microwave region of the spectrum. Method. In the caustic of a focused beam of a laser pump pulse with a cylindrical wavefront, a transverse spatial profile of the electric field strength of a special shape is created. The computer-generated holograms developed by us can be used to create an arbitrary profile. Main results. The properties of a three-dimensional self-induced transparency soliton are studied for various detuning frequencies of the input pulse field with respect to atomic resonance. The maximum laser pulse power is 8.5 mW, the pulse duration is 4–5 ns, and the time resolution of the recording system is 27 ps. It is shown that the all-optical control of the carrier frequency of the input pulse determines the properties of the output pulse: compression of the pulse duration (generation of a strobe pulse), the value of the soliton delay in time, and the time shift of the carrier frequency of the soliton. Practical significance. The results obtained in this study of the properties of three-dimensional self-induced transparency solitons will serve as the basis for the development of prototypes of signal processing devices using low-power laser diodes.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous generation of <i>N</i> coherent pulses of various areas under self-diffraction in⁸⁷Rb vapors","authors":"Sergey N. Bagaev, Igor B. Mekhov, Igor A. Chekhonin, Mikhail A. Chekhonin","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000249","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. The self-diffraction process of a resonant pulse in a dense extended resonant medium was studied for the first time to our knowledge. This process leads to an angular deflection of the output radiation and sequential emission of a large series of N pulses with a variable area in the range (−3π,…,0,…,3π). The pulses are emitted from a small focusing region (0.1–1 mm) of the pump pulse in a dense extended resonant medium. The pulse wavelength corresponds to the resonant transition D287Rb (wavelength 780.24 nm). Aim of study. The nonlinear effect of the self-diffraction of a laser pulse with a cylindrical wavefront is studied in an extended resonant medium of rubidium vapor to develop new resonant microwave photonics devices using laser signal-processing methods in the microwave spectrum. Method. A transverse spatial profile of the electric field strength of a special shape f(x) is created in the caustic of a focused beam of a laser pump pulse with a cylindrical wavefront. The pump pulse must have a converging (for example, cylindrical) wavefront. Computer-synthesized holograms developed by us are used to create an arbitrary f(x) profile. Main results. The effect of the self-diffraction of a pump pulse is studied. This is accompanied by the emission of a series of N coherent resonant pulses with different areas in the range (−3π,…,0,…,3π) from a short focusing region (0.1–1 mm) of a resonant laser pump pulse. The self-diffraction of the pump pulse resulted in 16 emitted pulses with different areas. The distribution of series pulses over the diffraction angle was observed in the angle range from −5∘ to +4∘. The nonlinear generation of 0π-pulses was observed at some angles. The results verify the nonlinear generation of 0π-pulses over a short interaction length between light and a resonant medium for the first time to our knowledge. Practical significance. The obtained results on the effect of the self-diffraction of a resonant pulse with a transverse spatial profile f(x) will serve as a basis for the development of prototype devices for signal-processing problems using low-power laser diodes.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffraction efficiency and form factor effect of holograms","authors":"Alexei Yu. Meshalkin, Sergey A. Shoydin","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000254","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. The influence of the form factor effect on the diffraction efficiency of holograms in various holographic materials is studied. Aim of study. The aim of the study is to review publications on the analysis of the diffraction efficiency of two-dimensional and three-dimensional holograms depending on the shape of the recording beams. Method. Holographic exposure of photosensitive media makes it possible to register the formed interference pattern in the medium in the form of periodic modulation of the refractive index, surface relief, optical absorption coefficient, or other parameters. The measurement and analysis of the diffraction efficiency showed its dependence on the degree of modulation of the recording medium and the shape of the recording beams. Main results. Based on the results of the review, it can be concluded that it is important to consider the cross-interaction of two nonlinear effects—the nonlinearity of the diffraction efficiency and the exposure nonlinearity over the hologram field. Manifestations of this cross-effect have been noticed by other authors but are often explained by other reasons. Its non-detectability and hidden effect can be explained by the manifestation only in the presence of two indicated nonlinearities simultaneously with the presence of local maxima in them. In all other cases, the form factor effect disappears. The areas of manifestation of the form factor effect in holographic experiments are shown as an effect that generates restrictions on holograms’ main “power” parameters, such as diffraction efficiency and optimal exposure. The manifestation of the form factor effect is immanent in the holographic recording of complex images because it cannot be eliminated completely but can only be weakened in the initial section of the exposure. Practical significance. Along with the indicated restrictive properties, the form factor effect allows in-situ measuring of holograms’ kinetics recording with high accuracy without involving additional complex equipment. This method was patented. Its influence can be significant; the form factor in holography cannot be attributed to small corrections of the main result. It manifests itself in the main “power” characteristics, similar to the fundamental manifestation of the form factor in the gravitational interactions of irregularly shaped bodies or interatomic interactions.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of design algorithms for optical systems using composite holographic optical elements","authors":"D. M. Akhmetov, E. R. Muslimov, D. Y. Kharitonov, N. K. Pavlycheva, I. A. Guskov, A. R. Gilfanov, A. I. Terentyev","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000262","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. Two algorithms for designing an optical scheme based on a composite hologram optical element aimed at optimizing the diffraction efficiency are presented. The first algorithm is based on the successive partitioning of the hologram element, and the second is based on averaging locally the optimized hologram parameters. Aim of study. The aim of this study is to achieve high and uniform diffraction efficiency in the working spectral range using design and modeling techniques to determine the parameters of a composite hologram. This is realized by selecting the optimal configuration of the composite hologram and its parameters in each sub-aperture. Methods. The algorithms are based on the application of the Welford equation for ray tracing through a hologram and Kogelnik theory for simultaneous calculation of diffraction efficiency in several sub-apertures. Main results. As a demonstrative example, the design and analysis of a spectrograph optical scheme operating in the near-infrared region with a high angular dispersion are presented. A diverging beam with a numerical aperture of 0.14 is fed to the input of the spectrograph. The spectrograph operates in the wavelength range from 830 to 870 nm, the center of which corresponds to the emission wavelength of a standard laser source. The optical system comprises a collimator, two volume-phase transmission holographic gratings, a camera lens, and a photodetector. It is shown that the highest gain in diffraction efficiency for a composite hologram comprising three rectangular sub-apertures reaches 5.1 times that of a single hologram grating without parameter optimization, observed at the long-wavelength edge of the spectrum. Practical significance. The proposed algorithms will allow one to determine the optimal number, shape, and location of composite hologram sub-apertures. The obtained results will make it possible to design a spectrograph characterized by an increased and more uniform image brightness over the entire working range.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplication of a Gaussian beam by a multisector binary phase plate into scalar vortex beams for laser microprocessing","authors":"V. A. Shkuratova, G. K. Kostyuk, A. A. Petrov, D. S. Stepanyuk, N. A. Nesterov, A. A. Sennov","doi":"10.1364/jot.90.000282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/jot.90.000282","url":null,"abstract":"Subject of study. A method of multiplying Gaussian laser beams into scalar vortex beams using multisector binary phase plates for increased speed and productivity of laser microprocessing is studied. The purpose of the work is to apply the technology of structuring transparent dielectrics by a laser-induced microplasma for fabricating multisector binary phase plates on fused silica. Methodology of the work. Multisector binary phase plates on fused silica structures with 4, 6, and 10 sectors with phase levels of 0 and π for operation at a wavelength of 1.06 µm were fabricated using an experimental setup for implementing the laser-induced microplasma technology. Additional annealing was conducted in a furnace to clean the surface and reduce the roughness of the multisector binary phase plates in the area of laser-induced microplasma action. The fabricated multisector binary phase plates were tested by registering generated intensity distributions in the plane of increased contrast using a photosensitive camera and by ablation of steel samples. We measured the initial laser beam energy and multisector binary phase plate output energy to evaluate the energy conversion efficiency. Main results. The obtained results indicate that the fabricated multisector binary phase plates multiply a Gaussian beam into a series of diffraction-limited spots surrounding the region with zero intensity and the same intensity (standard deviation not larger than 1%), the same spot diameters (standard deviation not larger than 5%), and high energy conversion efficiency (approximately 92%). Practical significance. Such multisector binary phase plates fabricated by a laser-induced microplasma have a real prospect for use in the field of laser microprocessing of materials.","PeriodicalId":16597,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135517265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}