PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Cybersecurity, National Security and Trade in the Digital Era","authors":"Dan Ciuriak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3374886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3374886","url":null,"abstract":"The digital transformation, and especially the implementation of the Internet of Things with the advent of 5G telecommunications networks, is creating national security concerns that threaten to disrupt international commerce across geopolitical divides, including a decoupling of US- and China-centred cyberspheres. This note considers the nature of the cybersecurity concerns that have been raised in the decoupling debate and the changing context for national security. It concludes that we do not yet have a good idea of what we need to do, and we do not who will be doing it. This means that it is premature to attempt to craft a national security regime for the emerging data-driven economy. Data is not treaty ready, and the world, unfortunately, is not yet ready to deal with the regulation of the data-driven economy.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130796715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Containment of Libreville, Police Checks and Risk of Propagation of COVID-19","authors":"Giscard Assoumou-Ella","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3583109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3583109","url":null,"abstract":"The malicious actions of certain police officers deployed on the ground by the Gabonese authorities with the aim of enforcing the total containment of Libreville may encourage the propagation of COVID-19. It is the result of modeling social interactions between a corrupt police officer assigned to a checkpoint, motorists and their passengers. In fact, following police corruption, 5 people are likely to be infected on the first day and a total of 573 people at the end of the containment period.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114719411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insider Trading Ahead of Cyber Breach Announcements","authors":"Zhaoxin Lin, Travis R. A. Sapp, Jackie Rees Ulmer, Rahul Parsa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3205489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205489","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stock market reactions to cybersecurity breach announcements are generally negative. We find significant evidence of opportunistic insider trading, with insiders saving an average of $35,009 due to timely selling in the three months before the announcement of a cybersecurity breach. Late filing violations by insiders are more likely to occur near the announcement of a cyber breach. The bulk of opportunistic trading tends to occur 55–72 days before the public announcement. The results lend support to the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission’s recently announced goal of tightening restrictions on insider trading ahead of cyber breach announcements.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128110948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Sentencing Reform on Crime Rates: Evidence from California's Proposition 47","authors":"Patricio Dominguez-Rivera, M. Lofstrom, S. Raphael","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3468600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468600","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate whether California's state proposition 47 impacted state violent and property crime rates. Passed by the voters in November 2014, the proposition redefined many less serious property and drug offenses that in the past could be charged as either a felony or misdemeanor to straight misdemeanors. The proposition caused a sudden and sizable decline in county jail populations, a moderate decline in the state prison population, a decrease in arrests for property and drug offenses, and a wave of legal petitions filed for retroactive resentencing and reclassification of prior convictions. We make use of multiple strategies to estimate the effect of the proposition, including state-level synthetic cohort analysis, within-state event study estimates based on state-level monthly time series, and a cross-county analysis of changes in county-level crime rates that exploit heterogeneity in the effects of the proposition on local criminal justice practices. We find little evidence of an impact on violent crime rates in the state. Once changes in offense definitions and reporting practices in key agencies are accounted for, violent crime in California is roughly at pre-proposition levels and generally lower than the levels that existed in 2010 prior to a wave major reforms to the state's criminal justice system. While our analysis of violent crime rates yields a few significant point estimates (a decrease in murder for one method and an increase in robbery for another), these findings are highly sensitivity to the method used to generate a counterfactual comparison path. We find more consistent evidence of an impact on property crime, operating primarily through an effect on larceny theft. The estimates are sensitive to the method used to generate the counterfactual, with more than half of the relative increase in property crime (and for some estimates considerably more) driven by a decline in the counterfactual crime rate rather than increases for California for several of the estimators that we employ. Despite this sensitivity, there is evidence from all methods tried that property crime increased with, a ballpark summary of five to seven percent roughly consistent with the totality of our analysis. Similar to violent crime, California property crime rates remain at historically low levels.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134282551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Political Economy of Enforcer Liability for Wrongful Police Stops","authors":"Tim Friehe, Murat C. Mungan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3438024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3438024","url":null,"abstract":"This article questions whether excessive policing practices can persist in an environment where law enforcement policies are subject to political pressures. Specifically, it considers a setting where the police decide whether to conduct stops based on the suspiciousness of a person's behavior and the potential liability for conducting a wrongful stop. We establish that the liability level that results in a voting equilibrium is smaller than optimal, and, consequently, that excessive policing practices emerge in equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126572170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Victimización por crimen, percepción de seguridad y satisfacción con la vida en Colombia (Crime Victimization, Safety Perception and Satisfaction with Life in Colombia)","authors":"William Manjarrés de Ávila, William Baca Mejía","doi":"10.18601/01245996.V21N41.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.V21N41.06","url":null,"abstract":"Este artículo analiza los efectos del crimen y la percepción de seguridad en la satisfacción con la vida. Se estima un probit ordenado cuyos resultados sugieren que la victimización por crimen disminuye en un 1,1% la satisfacción con la vida; y que un incremento en la percepción de seguridad en la ciudad y en los barrios, la aumentan en un 7,3% y un l,7% respectivamente. Las variables relacionadas con aspectos gubernamentales y equipamiento del barrio resultan significativas y con signo positivo. El género no juega un rol importante, y la pobreza subjetiva disminuye en un 3,8% la satisfacción con la vida.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124028786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyberattacks and Impact on Bond Valuation","authors":"S. Iyer, B. Simkins, Heng Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3357815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3357815","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the impact of cyberattacks on bondholder wealth. Unlike stockholders, bondholders do not react in the short-term but do experience negative returns in the one-month event window. Compared to similar firms not subject to cyberattacks, we find that bondholders lost approximately 2% of their wealth within a one-month period surrounding the attack (a loss of $3.8 million on average). In this decade of advanced cybersecurity, bondholders still suffer similar losses compared to the last decade. To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes the impact of cyberattacks on bondholder wealth.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125468861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child Access Prevention Laws and Juvenile Firearm-Related Homicides","authors":"D. Anderson, Joseph J. Sabia, E. Tekin","doi":"10.3386/W25209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25209","url":null,"abstract":"Debate over safe-storage gun regulations has captured public attention in the aftermath of several high-profile shootings committed by minors. To date, the existing literature provides no evidence that these laws are effective at deterring gun crime, a conclusion that has prompted the National Rifle Association to assert that such regulations are \"unnecessary\" and \"ineffective.\" Using data from the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports for the period 1985-2013, we find that child access prevention (CAP) laws are associated with a 17 percent reduction in firearm-related homicides committed by juveniles. The estimated effect is stronger among whites than nonwhites and is driven by states enforcing the strictest safe-storage standard. We find no evidence that CAP laws are associated with firearm-related homicides committed by adults or with non-firearm-related homicides committed by juveniles, suggesting that the observed relationship between CAP laws and juvenile firearm-related homicides is causal.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133988065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guns and Violence: The Enduring Impact of Crack Cocaine Markets on Young Black Males","authors":"W. Evans, Craig L. Garthwaite, T. Moore","doi":"10.3386/W24819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24819","url":null,"abstract":"Crack cocaine markets were associated with substantial increases in violence in the U.S. during the 1980s and 1990s. Using cross-city variation in the emergence of these markets, we show that the resulting violence has important long-term implications for understanding current levels of murder rates by age, sex and race. We estimate that the murder rate of young black males doubled soon after crack’s entrance into a city, and that these rates were still 70 percent higher 17 years after crack’s arrival. We document the role of increased gun possession as a mechanism for this increase. Following previous work, we show that the fraction of suicides by firearms is a good proxy for gun availability and that this variable among young black males follows a similar trajectory to murder rates. Access to guns by young black males explains their elevated murder rates today compared to older cohorts. The long run effects of this increase in violence are large. We attribute nearly eight percent of the murders in 2000 to the long-run effects of the emergence of crack markets. Elevated murder rates for younger black males continue through to today and can explain approximately one tenth of the gap in life expectancy between black and white males.","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123539692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Cyber Readiness","authors":"C. Makridis, M. Smeets","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3216231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3216231","url":null,"abstract":"Why are some countries better prepared against cyberattacks than others? Whilst previous studies have revealed discrepancies in countries’ cyber readiness, there has not been any rigorous analysis ...","PeriodicalId":165936,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Security & Safety (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122425826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}