{"title":"Revisiting Time Remanence Clocks for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Nodes","authors":"Vishal Deep, Aditi Mishra, D. Qiao, Henry Duwe","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363496","url":null,"abstract":"The intermittent operation of batteryless devices makes it difficult to have time information in order to synchronize and communicate between these devices. In this paper, we analyze time remanence clocks and compare them with real time clocks in keeping time when device looses power. We argue that the time remanence clocks can keep the time for longer period but there are several challenges the needs to be considered. In particular, high chip and board variation, coupled with a fixed, proportionally small window of time measurement inhibit the effectiveness of remanence clocks. This paper proposes the possibility of constructing small, customized SRAM-based time remanence clocks to provide an increased measurement window.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121495444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"No Batteries Needed: Providing Physical Context with Energy-Harvesting Beacons","authors":"Nurani Saoda, Bradford Campbell","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363489","url":null,"abstract":"Battery-powered digital beacons have played a significant role in shrinking the gap between physical and digital world. At the same time, ubiquitous sensing encourages tiny, unobtrusive, energy-harvesting devices to eliminate the limited lifetime of battery-powered devices. In this paper, we design a new fire-and-forget room number broadcaster beacon to investigate the feasibility and performance of such a design point. We study how several factors including different deployment spaces, the storage capacity of the harvester, indoor light intensity levels, and spatial position of the receiver impact the performance in three real-world deployments. We find that the 95th percentile of inter-packet reception time is 35 s or less in a lab space with exposure to sunlight and indoor lights, 29 s or less in an industrial plant with indoor lights, and 405 s or more in office rooms. With strategic beacon placement and a light intensity level of only 390 lx, performance can be improved by 61%. We believe that these results will help guide future energy-harvesting beacon deployments. We also outline possible improvements for future energy-harvesting beacon designs.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133437097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Internet of Intermittent Things, a Land of Low-Hanging Fruits","authors":"C. Renner, Matteo Zella","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363493","url":null,"abstract":"Intermittent computing has attracted significant attention from the research community thanks to its promise of abandoning batteries and the intriguing idea of offering dependability across blackouts. As individual devices become able to embrace this change of paradigm, it is time to focus on the entire networked system and look at the building blocks needed to enable the deployment of full-fledged distributed sensing applications. While doing this, it is important to join forces in the development of appropriate evaluation tools and methodologies able to foster consistent progress in the field. We argue that by capitalizing on solutions, knowledge, and experience collected over more than a decade of research in traditional low-power wireless systems, a field of low-hanging fruits is just waiting to be harvested.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121029871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TinyBird: An Energy Neutral Acoustic Bluetooth-Low-Energy Sensor Node with RF Energy Harvesting","authors":"Oliver Brunecker, M. Magno","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363498","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous advances in sensing and wireless technology now permit acoustic data acquisition and wireless transmission. With these technological developments, new application scenarios are a focal important for research theses. In particular in-vivo animal monitoring is a quickly growing domain, in which the wireless sensor needs to be placed on the animal's body and should be unobtrusive, light-weight, small, and long-lasting, or perpetually working. This paper presents the design and development of TinyBird, an ultra-low-power, miniaturized and lightweight wireless sensor node for acoustic monitoring. The node is designed to be worn with minimal effort by small-sized birds, to collect, process, and send/receive data to/from a remote host via Bluetooth Low-Energy. The main feature of the developed node is the capability to stream compressed or uncompressed audio data continuously. One unique feature of TinyBirds is the capability to harvest energy from a RF Power transmitter with a 12mm x 2.4mm antenna. Moreover, TinyBird achieves self-sustainability when placed 40cm from the RF source and streaming data at 16kHz. Finally the low power consumption of only 157μW, when in idle mode that allows the node to achieve self-sustainability with longer distances.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116428547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Power Ultrasonic Wake-Up and Communication through Structural Elements","authors":"Peter Oppermann, C. Renner","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363490","url":null,"abstract":"Research in ultra-low energy communication for wireless sensor networks mostly focuses on radio frequency (RF). Simple, low-cost, and low-power approaches for acoustic communication are typically not explored, although in a variety of applications acoustic communication using ultrasonic waves is preferable to RF. In others, motes are already equipped with sensors and actuators for acoustics. In this work, we present a method to communicate between motes on structural elements using piezoelectric discs. We demonstrate that data rates up to one kilobit per second are achievable with only minimal additional hardware. At the same time, the energy consumption for communication is reduced compared with popular RF methods.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128980605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charalampos Orfanidis, Konstantinos Dimitrakopoulos, Xenofon Fafoutis, M. Jacobsson
{"title":"Towards battery-free LPWAN wearables","authors":"Charalampos Orfanidis, Konstantinos Dimitrakopoulos, Xenofon Fafoutis, M. Jacobsson","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363488","url":null,"abstract":"Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an emerging technology in IoT which is utilized in use cases like smart cities and smart agriculture. LPWAN offers new features to wearable systems and therefore introduces new application scenarios. Long range communication is already used in application scenariosm such as elderly monitoring, localization, sportsm etc. We demonstrate how LPWAN wearables can operate by using energy-harvesting means and be battery-free. This preliminary study with real experiments illustrates how the LoRa radio is able to operate by a combination of solar and mechanical energy on a smart shoe prototype outdoors. The results indicate that the activity can influence the harvest rate.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125250994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eren Çürük, K. Yıldırım, P. Pawełczak, Josiah D. Hester
{"title":"On the Accuracy of Network Synchronization Using Persistent Hourglass Clocks","authors":"Eren Çürük, K. Yıldırım, P. Pawełczak, Josiah D. Hester","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363497","url":null,"abstract":"Batteryless sensor nodes compute, sense, and communicate using only energy harvested from the ambient. These devices promise long maintenance free operation in hard to deploy scenarios, making them an attractive alternative to battery-powered wireless sensor networks. However, complications from frequent power failures due to unpredictable ambient energy stand in the way of robust network operation. Unlike continuously-powered systems, intermittently-powered batteryless nodes lose their time upon each reboot, along with all volatile memory, making synchronization and coordination difficult. In this paper, we consider the case where each batteryless sensor is equipped with a hourglass capacitor to estimate the elapsed time between power failures. Contrary to prior work that focused on providing a continuous notion of time for a single batteryless sensor, we consider a network of batteryless sensors and explore how to provide a network-wide, continuous, and synchronous notion of time. First, we build a mathematical model that represents the estimated time between power failures by using hourglass capacitors. This allowed us to simulate the local (and continuous) time of a single batteryless node. Second, we show--through simulations--the effect of hourglass capacitors and in turn the performance degradation of the state of the art synchronization protocol in wireless sensor networks in a network of batteryless devices.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131834543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Scalable, Data-driven Approach for Power Estimation of Photovoltaic Devices under Indoor Conditions","authors":"Xinyv Ma, S. Bader, B. Oelmann","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363494","url":null,"abstract":"For the output power estimation of photovoltaic devices in indoor applications, models are needed that perform accurately at the low illumination levels encountered. As a robust and scalable solution, we propose a data-driven modeling method, spanning an interpolated surface between two reference I-V curves. The proposed approach is evaluated based on experimental data of two exemplar PV panels at indoor illumination levels. The results are compared to two common parameter extraction methods for the one-diode circuit model. This investigation demonstrates that the proposed surface model has a high performance under all test conditions, whereas the reference models show a performance dependency on the PV panel type. It can be concluded that the surface model is a competitive alternative for output power estimations at indoor illumination levels, removing many of the uncertainties of traditionally used physical parameter extraction and scaling methods.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"83 31","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133303588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DUO: Integration of Dependable Undervolting in Operating Systems","authors":"R. Hartung, Rasmus Antons, U. Kulau, L. Wolf","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363487","url":null,"abstract":"DUO is a co-processor-based energy harvesting solution that integrates the existing undervolting approach IdealVolting into the RIOT operating system. By integrating the existing approach into an operating system, the benefits of undervolting can be used in regular applications. The user can use IdealVolting along with existing applications and take advantage of an active undervolting approach. Especially in energy harvesting applications, that already use an energy harvesting chip with adjustable output voltage, the approach can be easily integrated. Our evaluation compares a duty-cycle sample application within RIOT OS with and without IdealVolting. It shows that DUO can save up to 20 % compared to the plain application only by adding IdealVolting to the application. Our poster highlights important aspects of our implementation and motivates the benefits of a co-processor in such a system.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125087986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Camaroptera: a Batteryless Long-Range Remote Visual Sensing System","authors":"M. Nardello, H. Desai, D. Brunelli, Brandon Lucia","doi":"10.1145/3362053.3363491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3362053.3363491","url":null,"abstract":"Batteryless image sensors present an opportunity for pervasive wide-spread remote sensor deployments that require little maintenance and have low cost. However, the reliance of these devices on energy harvesting presents tight constraints in the quantity of energy that can be stored and used, as well as limited, energy-dependent availability. In this work, we develop Camaroptera, the first batteryless, energy-harvesting image sensing platform to support active, long-range communication. Camaroptera reduces the high latency and energy cost of communication by using near-sensor processing pipelines to identify interesting images and transmit them to a far-away base station, while discarding uninteresting images. Camaroptera also dynamically adapts its processing pipeline to maximize system availability and responsiveness to interesting events in different harvesting conditions. We fully prototype the Camaroptera hardware platform in a compact, 2cm x 3cm x 5cm volume, composed of three adjoined circuit boards. We evaluate Camaroptera demonstrating the viability of a batteryless remote sensing platform in a small package. We show that compared to a system that transmits all image data, Camaroptera's processing pipelines and adaptive processing scheme captures and sends 2-5X more images of interest to an application.","PeriodicalId":164322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121070157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}