S. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak, M. Chandrasekar, M. Latiff, A. M. Ya’acob, M. Norkhairunnisa, R. M. Shahroze
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Sugar Palm Fibers","authors":"S. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak, M. Chandrasekar, M. Latiff, A. M. Ya’acob, M. Norkhairunnisa, R. M. Shahroze","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115010762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sapuan, Candace Adrian, M. L. Sanyang, M. R. Ishak, Z. Leman, A.H. Efriyo
{"title":"Sugar Palm: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"S. Sapuan, Candace Adrian, M. L. Sanyang, M. R. Ishak, Z. Leman, A.H. Efriyo","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130942353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermoplastic Sugar Palm Starch Composites","authors":"R. Jumaidin, S. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-9","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 9 discusses the development of biodegradable materials derived from sugar palm starch. Due to the increasing environmental problems arising from the disposal of nonbiodegradable plastics, the development of biopolymers has gained increasing attention from researchers as substitutes for conventional petroleum-based plastic. Among biopolymers, starch has been considered the most promising material because it is low in cost, highly abundant, renewable and fully biodegradable. This biopolymer can be transformed into thermoplastic starch in the presence of heat and plasticizer. Recent research has focused on the development of thermoplastic starch utilizing a new source of starch, sugar palm (Arenga pinnata). Unfortunately, thermoplastic sugar palm starch presents some drawbacks, such as poor mechanical properties, high sensitivity to moisture, and low thermal degradation. Therefore, various studies have been carried out to overcome these drawbacks, such as blending thermoplastic sugar palm starch with other biopolymers and reinforcement with various natural fibers to enhance the properties of this bio-based material.","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121236761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. A. Ilyas, S. Sapuan, M. Ishak, E. S. Zainudin, M. Atikah
{"title":"Characterization of Sugar Palm Nanocellulose and Its Potential for Reinforcement with a Starch-Based Composite","authors":"R. A. Ilyas, S. Sapuan, M. Ishak, E. S. Zainudin, M. Atikah","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116543918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nursabrina Munawar, M. R. Ishak, M. Jawaid, M. Zuhri, W. Ashraf, R. M. Shahroze
{"title":"A Review on the Impregnation Modification of Sugar Palm Fiber and Other Lignocellulosic Materials","authors":"Nursabrina Munawar, M. R. Ishak, M. Jawaid, M. Zuhri, W. Ashraf, R. M. Shahroze","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124758399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sahari, M. Maleque, S. M. Sapuan, M. Ishak, M. Suriani, L. Yusriah
{"title":"Review of Development and Characterization of Sugar Palm Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Composites","authors":"J. Sahari, M. Maleque, S. M. Sapuan, M. Ishak, M. Suriani, L. Yusriah","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the characterization and development of SPF- reinforced polymer composites, as well as other important issues related to these composites. Sugar palm fiber has been the subject of research to study the potential of this fiber as an alternative option to reinforce polymer composites due to the fiber’s good mechanical strength and its stiffness, as well as its high durability and good resistance to sea water, all of which make this fiber a potential alternative to synthetic fiber in polymer composites. Works have been carried out to study the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of of understand the nature of this fiber, the suitable manufacturing parameters to produce good composites from this fiber, and the opportunities that SPF fiber could offer. The works are not limited only to basic mechanical and thermal properties of SPF, but also study the tribological performance durability, biodegradability, and compatibility of the SPF and its composites.","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132084574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sugar Palm Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: An Overview","authors":"I. Mukhtar, Z. Leman, M. R. Ishak, E. S. Zainudin","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116851200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sahari, M. Maleque, S. Sapuan, M. Ishak, R. Jumaidin
{"title":"Performance of Thermoplastic Sugar Palm Starch Biopolymers","authors":"J. Sahari, M. Maleque, S. Sapuan, M. Ishak, R. Jumaidin","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-4","url":null,"abstract":"Starch is a natural polymer obtained by the photosynthesis process of plants from the regeneration of carbon dioxide. Starch is not a real polymer, but the presence of a plasticizer (water and glycerol at high temperature). Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, & Biocomposites makes starch behave like a synthetic polymer. In the presence of a plasticizer (e.g., water, glycerin, or sorbitol) and shearing action, a starch bio-polymer melts and fluidizes so it can be used in injection molding and extrusion, as in the case of synthetic thermoplastic polymers. Many researchers are interested in investigating starch as a biopolymer because of its unique attributes: it is low-cost, renewable, abundant, and available in different forms based on the raw materials used. Biopolymers such as the ones made from starches are superior to some synthetic polymers in terms of resistance to microbial attack and biodegradation. The sugar palm tree (Arenga pinnata) contains starch in its trunk, which can be a good source of biopolymer. In terms of thermal properties, both starches show similar peak gelatiniza-tion temperatures of approximately 67°C. Meanwhile, SPS shows lower crystallin-ity and swelling power than sago. In terms of gel structure, gel made with SPS was more rigid than gel made with sago starch at a high concentration. However, limited research had been carried out to investigate the potential of SPS in biopolymers.","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121181256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sugar Palm Starch Biopolymer: Extraction and Processing","authors":"J. Sahari, M. Maleque, S. M. Sapuan","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-3","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing awareness about environmental issues has led to a growing interest in using polymers derived from renewable sources that are generally biodegradable. Biopolymers have attracted tremendous attention due to their environmental advantages and the realization of the limited amount of petroleum resources. It is known that renewable resources such as plants, (cellulose or chitin, and vegetable oils), bacteria, as well as non-renewable petroleum (e.g., aliphatic/aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester) are sources of a variety of polymeric materials. Cellulose is the main skeletal component in plants, and polysaccharide cellulose is an almost inexhaustible polymeric raw material with fascinating structure and properties .Native cellulose is widely distributed in nature. It is the main component of cotton, kapok, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, and wood. Cellulose is not found in a pure form, but cotton contains the purest form of cellulose. It can be produced via lactic acid from fermentable sugar. It is also one of the most famous biodegradable polyesters with many excellent properties, and it has been widely applied in many fields. PLA has demonstrated good biocompatibility and is easily processed, as well as high strength and modulus. However, PLA is very brittle under tension and bending loads and develops serious physical aging issues during application. The packaging industry today is focusing on the design and development of new materials using natural resources. These new generations of biobased products are becoming essential alternatives to reduce the dependency on petroleum-based materials.","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133407451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. Ishak, Z. Leman, M. Huzaifah, I. Ammar, M. Atikah
{"title":"Development of Sugar Palm–Based Products: A Community Project","authors":"S. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. Ishak, Z. Leman, M. Huzaifah, I. Ammar, M. Atikah","doi":"10.1201/9780429443923-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429443923-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":162713,"journal":{"name":"Sugar Palm Biofibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133710957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}