ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Auge del Sector Minero Energético en Colombia y la Desindustrialización. 1997-2018. (Oil an Mining Industry in Colombia. Setback to Industrialization Development)","authors":"José Pérez-Toro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3618924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3618924","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Asi como durante los anos dorados de la economia internacional que transcurrieron entre 1870 y 1913 la economia internacional arbitro las ganancias del comercio a traves de la institucion del patron oro, durante el ciclo economico de 1997 a 2018, el aumento de los precios del barril de petroleo se convirtio en el referente que determinaba el costo del dinero y el movimiento de los precios relativos de los productos de importacion y exportacion. Los economistas de Harvard, Stolper y Samuelson, consideraban que bajo las condiciones impuestas por el modelo del patron oro el comercio es particularmente ventajoso para los productores de bienes transables en los mercados externos, mientras que pueden ser especialmente perjudiciales para los productores nacionales que compiten con los bienes importados de paises con precios mas baratos durante el ciclo auspicioso. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: Just as during the golden years of the international economy between 1870 and 1913, the international economy arbitrateed the gains of trade through the institution of the gold standard, during the economic cycle from 1997 to 2018, the increase in the prices of the barrel of oil became the benchmark that determined the cost of money and the movement of tradeing relative prices of import and export products. Harvard economists Stolper and Samuelson considered that under the terms imposed by the gold standard model trade is particularly advantageous for producers of tradable goods in external markets, while they can be especially harmful to domestic producers competing with goods imported from countries with cheaper prices in inverted trade cycle.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130097276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Best Practices in Data Driven Development Planning in Mining Regions","authors":"N. Maennling, Jose F. Correa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3660930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3660930","url":null,"abstract":"Strategic development planning has long been used by private and public sectors to guide actions that will lead to a determined goal in the medium- to long-term. The SDG framework has helped to create a common language of what development means, what the global objectives are by 2030, and how progress can be measured. With the world entering an era in which data is generated and used at an unprecedented scale, data and ICT systems should be used to better inform policy decision making and help evaluate progress to hold stakeholders accountable to their promises and performances. This report outlines how two mining projects in Chile are using planning and monitoring tools to advance development objectives beyond the mining-impacted areas. Several additional examples are showcased in the annex on how governments, companies, and civil society are using improved data accessibility and technological advances to help achieve and monitor their objectives.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123864621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Transformation Along Metals, Machinery and Equipment Value Chain – Developing Capabilities in the Metals and Machinery Segments","authors":"Zavareh Rustomjee, Lauralyn Kaziboni, I. Steuart","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3269724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3269724","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa’s industrial development trajectory has centered on the mining, metals and energy value chains. The mining and basic metals industries were beneficiaries of favourable electricity tariffs, investment and logistics support aimed at promoting its competitiveness. Subsequently, the post-apartheid state has grappled with how to engage with the main companies, including in responding to global developments. At the same time, there have been confusing signals and measures from different departments and public institutions. While the upstream industries received substantial subsidisation, there has been limited assistance for the downstream industries. The study assessed the status of structural transformation along the metals, machinery and equipment value chain post-apartheid, taking into consideration its links to energy, mining, procurement, and skills policies. In-depth interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of investment, the impact of policy on business decisions and performance, and how the interaction of industrial policy instruments impact business growth and development. The main findings showed that structural transformation in the machinery and equipment value chain remains limited, despite its importance as the heart of the industrial base in South Africa, not to mention its contribution towards employment and gross value added. This is mainly due to the fragmentation of policy, which – on balance – has provided support and incentives to the upstream sector at the detriment of downstream sectors, together with a lack of support for downstream sectors which liberalised and are increasingly internationalised. While investment incentives have also been offered to downstream sectors, these have not resulted in industry-wide structural change for several reasons discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122955597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mining Spillovers in Chile","authors":"Esther Pérez Ruiz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3030770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3030770","url":null,"abstract":"Chile's small open economy with significant mismatch between the production and consumption baskets may be represented by three stylized sectors, a commodity sector, a non-commodity tradable sector, and a non-tradable sector. This paper estimates the effect of copper price shocks on mining, manufacturing, and construction-each embodying a sector type. The empirical findings are for positive spillovers from mining to the other two sectors. However, the estimated size of the spillovers seems modest, which raises the question of the potential for mining to be better integrated with the rest of the economy.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124251892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political Settlements and the Governance of Extractive Industry: A Comparative Analysis of the Longue Durée in Africa and Latin America","authors":"A. Bebbington, A. Abdulai, M. Hinfelaar, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Cynthia Sanborn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2986786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2986786","url":null,"abstract":"This paper synthesises findings from research in Bolivia, Ghana, Peru and Zambia to address the following three questions: 1) How does the nature of political settlements affect the governance of the mining and hydrocarbon sectors and the relationships between those sectors and patterns of social inclusion and exclusion? 2) How do the circulation of ideas and the materiality of the resources in question affect this relationship? 3) What is the role of transnational ideational, institutional and political economic factors in these relationships? These questions are approached by considering the relationships between political settlements and extractive industry since the late 19th century, with special emphasis on the last three decades. The paper concludes that the nature of settlements has had important implications for the relationships between resource-dependent economies and the nature and degree of social inclusion, but far less effect on productive structure, with no political settlement having particular success in fostering economic diversification or reducing the weight of resource rents within the national economy. The paper also concludes that the very nature of the extractive economy influences the dynamics of national political settlements for the following reasons. First, the potential rents that resource extraction makes possible, and the high cost of engaging in mining or hydrocarbon industries, create incentives for particular forms of political exclusion. Second, colonial and post-colonial histories of resource extraction give political valence to ideas that have helped mobilise actors in ways that change relations of power and institutional arrangements. Third, the materiality of subsoil resources has direct implications for subnational forms of holding power that can influence resource access and control. Finally, the global nature of mineral and hydrocarbon economies, combined with the materiality of resources, bring both transnational and local political actors into the constitution of national political settlements. This makes for a particularly complex politics of scale surrounding settlements in resource-dependent economies.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131925894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Oil Burning and GHG Emissions from Mining: A Win-Win Policy for Chile’s Copper Sector","authors":"Gino Sturla-Zerene, Eugenio Figueroa, Massimiliano Sturla Z.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3141657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3141657","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimate, for the very first time, the total amount of diesel oil burned and of the greenhouse gas emissions associated to this combustion due to the transportation of overburden present in copper concentrates exported from Chile to the world. Using official data from 2014, we estimate the oil burned and the preventable CO2 emissions unnecessarily released into the global atmosphere that year as a result of not refining the copper in Chile and exporting it in the form of copper concentrates. We calculate the distance of nautical routes (origin-destination) used for all concentrate shipments that were exported in 2014. In addition, the estimates show a sensitivity analysis for 4 scenarios, resulting from considering two values for each of two parameters with uncertain values: i) the ships’ fuel consumption for ore transportation; and ii) the actual distance traveled by these ships. For the two extreme scenarios considered, we estimate the unjustified combustion of diesel oil in 516 to 721 million tons, in the year 2014, and the preventable CO2 emissions in 1.5 to 2.0 million tons of CO2. From an environmental policy perspective, these results are highly relevant for Chile because they imply that its mining sector could easily meet the goal committed by Chile for 2030 of reducing 30% of its emissions per GDP unit compared with the level achieved in 2007.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130021929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validating Twin Deficit Hypotheses: The Zambian Case","authors":"Kenneth Mahuni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2874375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2874375","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamental goal of the research was to verify if Twin Deficits Hypothesis holds for the economy of Zambia using Time Series data from 1980-2014. The current account and budget deficit were employed as key variables. The exchange rate was also used as a transmission mechanism to see how it contributes in the nexus. The empirical findings showed that there exist long run association between the current account deficit and the budget deficit after performing cointegration tests.Granger causality tests confirmed existence of twin deficits for Zambia. The results supported unidirectional reverse causality. The exchange rate was shown to be very significant in the long run than in the short run. The implosion of the time series as shown by the predicted cointegration equation implies that unless drastic measures to cure the deficits, using the current account as the major target variable, the twin deficits will persist for some time. The major policy implication of this research is that given Zambia as a primary Commodity Dependent Developing Country subsisting largely on copper revenues to sustain the economy, there is a need to move away from ‘copper addiction’ given volatility of earnings of primary commodities lately e.g. through diversification of the economy, import substitution among other strategies.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122125255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer Mispricing As an Argument for Corporate Social Responsibility","authors":"S. Asongu, Jacinta C. Nwachukwu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2832655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2832655","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a case for transfer mispricing as an argument for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The argument builds on the position that in order to compensate for potential loss of brand image and reputation, Multinational Companies (MNCs) would be more socially responsible when they are operating in countries where the legislation and laws in place are not effective at identifying and sanctioning transfer mispricing. We first discuss the dark side of transfer pricing (TP), next we present the nexus between TP and poverty and finally we advance arguments for CSR in transfer mispricing. While acknowledging that TP is a legal accounting practice, we argue that in view of its poverty and underdevelopment externalities, the practice per se should be a solid justification for CSR because it is also associated with schemes that deprive developing countries of capital essential for investments in health, education and development programmes. Therefore CSR owing to TP cannot be limited to a strategic management approach, but should also be considered as some kind of social justice because of associated transfer mispricing practices. We further argue that, CSR by multinational corporations could incite domestic companies to comply more willingly with their tax obligations and/or engage in similar activities. Whereas, traditional advocates of CSR have employed concepts such as reputation, licence-to-operate, sustainability, moral obligation and innovation to make the case for CSR, the present inquiry extends this stream of literature by arguing that TP and its externalities are genuine justifications for CSR. We consolidate our arguments with a case study of Glencore and the mining industry in the Democratic Republic of Congo.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116759681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inadequate Environmental Governance: Failure to Protect Sensitive Environmental Resources in Mining","authors":"Dodo J. Thampapillai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2810887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2810887","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with sensitive environmental resources that warrant preservation. Inadequate legal safeguards for preserving such resources stem from the lack of recognition offered to the scientific realities of the natural environment. As a result, the long run implications for welfare losses are significant. Two Australian case studies in mining are considered. The first concerns the extraction of mineral deposits that are embedded in near pristine groundwater resource systems. The damages inflicted on the groundwater resource system can lead to hydrologic changes resulting in water scarcity. The second concerns mining operations that have implications for ground water and oceanic resource systems. In both cases, one observes inadequate of binding laws alongside improper economic analyses that have neglected the recognition of basic scientific realities. The improper economic analyses include the over-statement of the benefits of mining.","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"515 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116196877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Practices in Community Development Agreements","authors":"J. Loutit, Jacqueline Mandelbaum, Sam Szoke-Burke","doi":"10.4314/JSDLP.V7I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDLP.V7I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Community Development Agreements (CDAs) have the potential to facilitate the delivery of tangible benefits from large-scale investment projects, such as mines or forestry concessions, to affected persons and communities. To be effective, however, CDAs must be adapted to the local context, meaning that no single model agreement or process will be appropriate in every situation. Nonetheless, leading practices are emerging which can be required by governments, voluntarily adopted by companies, and demanded by communities. These practices are grounded in ensuring that all parties are sufficiently informed, capacitated, and prepared to engage in meaningful negotiations regarding how the investor’s operations should benefit local stakeholders. This article reviews existing research on CDAs, as well as available agreements from the extractive sector in Australia, Canada, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Ghana and Greenland. It articulates seven broad leading practices and how different stakeholders could work to achieve more effective agreements. Keywords: Community development agreement, extractive, investment, leading practices","PeriodicalId":160664,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Mining & the Environment (Topic)","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114458557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}