Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences最新文献

{"title":"Decoupling of the Organic and Inorganic Lacustrine Carbon Cycles on the Chinese Yunnan Plateau in Response to Human Activities","authors":"Aubrey L. Hillman,&nbsp;Daniel J. Bain,&nbsp;Duo Wu,&nbsp;Mark B. Abbott","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008336","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As anthropogenic impacts to both climate and freshwater resources continue to intensify in coming decades, an increasing number of lakes will experience carbon cycle perturbations. An examination of lakes that have experienced such perturbations for millennia can clarify the nature and severity of carbon cycle disturbances. Lakes precipitating carbonate minerals provide an opportunity to use measurements of both inorganic and organic carbon isotopes to detect the relationship between the inorganic and organic carbon cycles. We examine these dynamics among three lakes in Yunnan, China, which have been impacted by human activities for the last 1,500 years. We compare the period impacted by people to drying conditions and lowering lake levels during the middle Holocene, and more stable hydrologic conditions during the later Holocene, both of which are characterized by minimal anthropogenic influence. From 5,500 to 3,500 years BP, decreased precipitation, increased evaporation, and changes in vegetation drove increases in sediment carbon isotope values. Despite continued weakening of the Indian monsoon from 3,500 to 1,500 years BP, carbon isotopes values stabilized. Following anthropogenic manipulation of lake levels after 1,500 years BP, and despite differences in the magnitude of activities in the three catchments, a decrease in inorganic carbon isotopes without a parallel change in organic carbon isotopes is a pervasive feature in each system and a clear signature of human activity. We suggest possible drivers are an influx of dissolved inorganic carbon from either oxidized organic matter or dissolved carbonates from the watershed and/or the respiration of lake sediment organic matter.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeled Seed Accumulation Patterns Explain Spatial Heterogeneity of Shrub Recruitment Within the Taiga-Tundra Ecotone","authors":"Cory A. Wallace,&nbsp;Evan J. Wilcox,&nbsp;Trevor C. Lantz,&nbsp;Philip Marsh,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Baltzer","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008359","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arctic shrub productivity trends display variability at multiple spatial scales. Fine-scale studies have generally observed the greatest shrub expansion in landscape positions that accumulate water and nutrients. While considerable work has focused on the mediating effect of these resources on growth responses to warming, less is known about the mechanisms constraining recruitment-driven expansion. Given the low seed viability of many Arctic shrubs, spatial patterns of seed dispersal may play an important role in constraining fine-scale variability of shrub recruitment. This variability may also be driven by ground cover suitability, though these relationships are understudied in undisturbed sites. Here, we developed models representing seed accumulation mechanisms around <i>Alnus alnobetula</i> (green alder) patches within the taiga-tundra ecotone of the Northwest Territories and compared these with observations of seed and seedling density. We also investigated relationships between seedling abundance, topographic position, and ground cover. Observed patterns of recruitment were complex, with preferential expansion occurring beneath alder patches only on the steepest slopes. Seed accumulation models representing overland flow, wind, and source distance were important predictors of seedling recruitment. This provides indirect evidence of localized seed limitation around patches, suggesting future recruitment may not respond as expected to changing environmental conditions. <i>Sphagnum</i> cover also predicted recruitment, indicating the importance of seedbed conditions for establishment. We propose that developing models of shrub expansion that include both dispersal and environmental constraints may increase our ability to predict patterns and rates of expansion. Such predictions are necessary to understand future biosphere-atmosphere interactions in a rapidly changing Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Estuarine Science and Management Through Long-Term Research and Monitoring in the U.S. National Estuarine Research Reserve System","authors":"Kaitlin L. Reinl,&nbsp;Robert P. Dunn,&nbsp;Christopher Kinkade,&nbsp;Kimberly Cressman","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008630","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term research and monitoring programs are critical to our understanding of ecosystem processes. Although short-term studies are one effective method for scientific investigations, they cannot elucidate the role of medium to long-term cycles and lag effects in ecosystem processes, limiting our ability to interpret trends and interactions among processes. Because funding for environmental sciences is inherently limited, and work that addresses current societal needs is often prioritized over basic research and monitoring efforts, the design of long-term studies needs to be creative and intentional. This will allow it to address relevant and pressing issues to remain competitive for funding while also being useful for conducting basic and applied research across a broad range of topics. We use prior studies from the U.S. National Estuarine Research Reserve System's System-Wide Monitoring Program to illustrate the value of long-term studies and demonstrate how they can be designed to directly address management needs, advance our fundamental ecological understanding of aquatic ecosystems, and better serve our communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redox Properties of Peat Particulate Organic Matter From Five Ombrotrophic Bogs in Central Sweden","authors":"Nikola Obradović,&nbsp;Rob A. Schmitz,&nbsp;Silvan Arn,&nbsp;Myrna Simpson,&nbsp;Nivetha Srikanthan,&nbsp;Ronald Soong,&nbsp;Martin H. Schroth,&nbsp;Michael Sander","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008337","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peat particulate organic matter (POM) is increasingly recognized as an important terminal electron acceptor (TEA) for anaerobic microbial respiration in anoxic peat soils. The goal of this work was to quantify the electron-accepting capacity (EAC) of POM that is accessible to microbes in these soils under in situ conditions. To this end, we collected 28 reduced POM samples from the anoxic subsurface along transects in <i>Sphagnum</i>-dominated ombrotrophic bogs in central Sweden. These POM samples had similar physicochemical properties and compositions within and across peatlands, as inferred from elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The microbially accessible EAC of these POM samples were determined by quantifying the increases in the total EACs and concomitant decreases in electron-donating capacities when reacting the field-collected reduced POM with dissolved oxygen (DO). These analyses suggested that between 90 and 390 μmol electrons per gram of POM carbon are microbially transferrable to POM. The reaction of POM with DO was found to also result in equimolar conversion of electron-donating to electron-accepting moieties in POM, demonstrating fully reversible electron transfer to and from POM and, therefore, that POM is a sustainable TEA in temporarily anoxic peat soils. A comparison of the microbially accessible EAC of POM to that of pore-water inorganic TEA species and reported EACs and measured concentrations of peat-dissolved organic matter revealed that POM is the major TEA in the studied bogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation in δ13Cn-alkane and δ13C/ δ15N of Bulk Leaves of Four Riparian Plants: Implications for Biomarker Carbon Isotope Records of Past Environments","authors":"Michael T. Hren,&nbsp;Abigail M. Oakes,&nbsp;Alex Brittingham","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon isotopes of long chain <i>n</i>-alkanes and plant leaves record biochemical processes and plant responses to environmental factors. We analyzed seasonal variations of δ¹³C_{<i>n</i>-alkane} and δ¹³C/δ¹⁵N_leaf of two riparian gymnosperm trees (<i>Pinus strobus</i> and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>) and an angiosperm shrub and grass (<i>Corylus americana</i> and <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i>) to quantify carbon isotope discrimination between atmospheric, bulk leaf, and <i>n</i>-alkane δ¹³C. Our data highlight three important results: (a) δ¹³C leaf and δ¹³C_{<i>n</i>-alkane} decrease over the growing season for several of the sampled plants and the magnitude of change is largest in the angiosperm <i>C. americana</i>, (b) apparent fractionation between δ¹³C_<i>n</i>-C29 and δ¹³C_leaf (ε_{<i>n</i>-C29-leaf}) for gymnosperm trees is small (−2 to −3 ‰) and changes little through the growing season, and (c) angiosperm grass and shrubs exhibit variable discrimination (ε) throughout the growing season (−4 to −10‰). ε_{<i>n</i>-C29-leaf} correlates with leaf C:N and δ¹⁵N_leaf, and differences in ε_{<i>n</i>-C29-leaf} likely result from differences in stomatal regulation, plant stoichiometry, and the distribution of compounds in leaves and above or below ground biomass. In some of the plants sampled, end of growing season δ¹³C of intact leaves are distinct from early or mid-season values, whereas detrital <i>n</i>-alkane δ¹³C records the season-long time-integrated history of production, loss and replacement of riparian-produced <i>n</i>-alkanes. Thus, although biomarker and bulk leaf δ¹³C may record <i>p</i>CO₂ or water stress, isotopic signatures of sedimentary <i>n</i>-alkanes may also reflect changes in plant resource allocation and the integrated record of isotopic change across a growing season.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Limitation Induces a Productivity Decline From Light-Controlled Maximum","authors":"Yuseung Shin,&nbsp;Alexander J. Reisinger,&nbsp;Madison Flint,&nbsp;Tatiana Salinas,&nbsp;Jonathan B. Martin,&nbsp;Matthew J. Cohen","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008597","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nutrient impacts on productivity in stream ecosystems can be obscured by light limitation imposed by canopy cover and water turbidity, thereby creating uncertainties in linking nutrient and productivity regimes. Evaluations of nutrient limitations are often based on a response ratio (RR) quantifying productivity stimulation above ambient levels given augmented nutrient supply. This metric neglects the primacy of light effects on productivity. We propose an alternative approach to quantify nutrient limitations using a “decline ratio” (DR), which quantifies the productivity decline from the maximum established by light availability. The DR treats light as the first-order control and nutrient depletion as a disturbance causing productivity decline, allowing separation of nutrient and light influences. We used DR to assess nutrient diffusing substrate (NDS) experiments with three nutrients (nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], iron [Fe]) from five Greenland streams during summer, where light is not limited due to the lack of canopy and low turbidity. We tested two hypotheses: (a) productivity maximum (i.e., highest chlorophyll-<i>a</i> among NDS treatments) is controlled by light and (b) DR depends on both light and nutrients. The productivity maximum was strongly predicted by light (<i>R</i>² = 0.60). The productivity decline induced by N limitation (i.e., DR_N) was best explained by light availability when parameterized with either dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration (<i>R</i>² = 0.79) or N:Fe ratio (<i>R</i>² = 0.87). These predictions outperformed predictions of RR for which light was not a significant factor. Reversing the perspective on nutrient limitation from “stimulation above ambient” to “decline below maximum” provides insights into both light and nutrient impacts on stream productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining Wetland and Landfill Methane Emission Signatures Through Atmospheric Methane Clumped Isotopologue Measurements","authors":"Jiayang Sun,&nbsp;Cédric Magen,&nbsp;Mojhgan A. Haghnegahdar,&nbsp;Jiarui Liu,&nbsp;Julianne M. Fernandez,&nbsp;James Farquhar","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008249","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbial methane emissions are associated with a wide range of isotopic signatures, providing information about the sources and sinks of methane. Methods of directly sampling methane from environments such as wetlands may fail to capture the temporal and spatial variations in emissions at a specific site and time. The Keeling plot method is commonly used to infer the overarching isotopic signatures of methane sources. In this study, we have expanded the application of the Keeling plot from conventional stable isotope ratios to include novel clumped isotopologue compositions of methane. This advancement aims to provide more robust constraints on regional methane emission signatures. We analyzed methane isotopologue compositions from air samples collected above wetlands and landfills across Maryland, USA, and determined the end-member compositions for background air, wetland, and landfill sources. Our findings indicate that the isotopologue compositions of methane from regional wetland emissions exhibit seasonal variations—δ¹³C and δD values become less positive as winter approaches, reflecting changes in methane oxidation and production rates. The continuous monitoring of air methane isotopologue signatures will deepen our understanding of the seasonal patterns in methane emissions and contribute to refining the global methane budget, as valuable insights can be extracted from these measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Peatland Distribution and Quantifying Peatland Below-Ground Carbon Stocks in Colombia's Eastern Lowlands","authors":"A. Uhde,&nbsp;A. M. Hoyt,&nbsp;L. Hess,&nbsp;C. Schmullius,&nbsp;E. Mendoza,&nbsp;J. C. Benavides,&nbsp;S. Trumbore,&nbsp;J. M. Martín-López,&nbsp;P. N. Skillings-Neira,&nbsp;R. S. Winton","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The extent and distribution of tropical peatlands, and their importance as a vulnerable carbon (C) store, remain poorly quantified. Although large peatland complexes in Peru, the Congo basin, and Southeast Asia have been mapped in detail, information on many other tropical areas is uncertain. In the Eastern Colombian lowlands, peatland area estimates range from 700 km² to nearly 60,000 km², leading to highly uncertain C stocks. Using new field data, high-resolution Earth observation (EO), and a random forest approach, we mapped peatlands across Colombian territory East of the Andes below 400 m elevation. We estimated peatland extent using two approaches: a conservative method focused on medium-to-high peat probability areas and a more inclusive one accounting for large low-probability areas. Multiplying these extents by below-ground carbon density yields a conservative estimate of 0.95 (0.6–1.39 Pg C, 95% confidence interval) over 9,391 km² (7,369–11,549 km²) and up to 2.86 Pg C (1.76–4.22 Pg C) across 29,069 km² (22,429–36,238 km²). Among four potentially peat-forming ecosystems identified, palm swamps and floodplain forests contributed most to the peat extent and C stock. We found that most peatland patches were relatively small, covering less than 100 ha. We compared our map to previously published global and pan-tropical peat maps and found low spatial overlap among them, suggesting that peat maps uninformed by local field information may not precisely specify which landscape areas within a peatland-rich region are actually peatlands. We further assessed the suitability of different EO and climate variables, highlighting the need for high-resolution data to capture local heterogeneities in the landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Native Earthworms Alter Carbon Sequestration in Arctic Tundra Ecosystems","authors":"H. Jonsson,&nbsp;G. Blume-Werry,&nbsp;A. A. Wackett,&nbsp;J. Olofsson,&nbsp;E. Arvidsson,&nbsp;T. Sparrman,&nbsp;J. Klaminder","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008598","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earthworms, as detritivores, play a significant role in breaking down soil organic carbon (SOC). The introduction of non-native earthworms to arctic ecosystems has, therefore, raised concerns about the potential impact they may have on one of the world's largest SOC reservoirs. Earthworms could also have considerable effects on plant productivity, and the lack of experimental studies quantifying their impact on carbon (C) reservoirs in both soil and plants makes it difficult to predict the effect of earthworms on ecosystem C storage. Here we experimentally tested how earthworms known to be non-native to arctic ecosystems (Aporrectodea spp. and Lumbricus spp.) affect C reservoirs in soil and plants (above and belowground separately) in two common tundra vegetation types (heath and meadow). Earthworms lowered the mean SOC pool and substantially altered SOC quality in meadow soils by increasing the proportion of aromatic-C compounds. Simultaneously, earthworms increased the C pool stored in plant biomass, which counteracted earthworm-induced SOC losses in meadow ecosystems. A positive earthworm effect on belowground biomass in heath soil facilitated a net ecosystem uptake of ∼0.84 kg C m⁻² over the 4-year study period. The higher C uptake into plant biomass in the heath resulted in a notable increase of SOC but lower δ¹³C values, likely because of recently captured C being sourced from roots or litter. Our observations of vegetation-specific feedbacks between plants, earthworms, and soils advance our understanding of non-native earthworms' impact on SOC dynamics and C budgets in high-latitude ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the Impacts of Microtopography and Shrub Distribution on Snow Depth in a Subarctic Watershed: Toward a Predictive Understanding of Snow Spatial Variability","authors":"Ian Shirley,&nbsp;Sebastian Uhlemann,&nbsp;John Peterson,&nbsp;Katrina Bennett,&nbsp;Susan S. Hubbard,&nbsp;Baptiste Dafflon","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008604","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Snow plays a critical role in carbon cycling, vegetation dynamics, and permafrost hydrology at high latitudes by influencing surface energy exchange. Predicting snow distribution patterns is essential for understanding the evolution of Arctic ecosystems, yet scaling process-level knowledge to landscape predictions remains challenging. Here, we analyze snow depth (2019 and 2022), terrain elevation, and vegetation height from a watershed on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, to examine how topography and shrubs shape snow redistribution across spatial scales. We find that snow depth is strongly coupled to terrain at scales below ∼60 m but becomes increasingly decoupled at larger scales. The topographic model of snow depth variation, which transforms terrain data to align with these scale-dependent snow patterns, is well correlated with local snow depth variations (linear fit <i>R</i>² &gt; 0.5 for 85% of 100-m patches). A machine learning reconstruction of shrub canopy snow trapping reveals a simple exponential relationship between canopy structure and snow accumulation (<i>R</i>² = 0.59), highlighting the combined influence of topography and vegetation on snow distribution. Together, these empirical relationships capture much of the observed snow variability in the watershed (<i>R</i>² = 0.49, root mean square error (RMSE) = 30 cm), though systematic limitations persist in areas of strong scour and at coarser scales where wind-terrain interactions are more complex. These findings provide a framework for more efficient snow depth prediction and offer insights to improve snow-vegetation feedback representation in Earth System Models.</p>","PeriodicalId":16003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JG008604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}