Journal of Experimental Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Towards Targeted Brain Stimulation in Stroke: Connectivity as a Biomarker of Response.","authors":"Brenton Hordacre,&nbsp;Bahar Moezzi,&nbsp;Michael C Ridding","doi":"10.1177/1179069518809060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518809060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability. New treatments capable of assisting recovery hold significant potential to improve quality of life for many stroke survivors. Transcranial direct current stimulation is one technique that has received much attention due to its potential to promote neuroplasticity and enhance recovery. However, current evidence suggests this is not a one-size-fits-all treatment with indication that responses are highly variable. Using electroencephalography, Hordacre et al recently demonstrated that connectivity between the ipsilesional motor cortex, ipsilesional parietal cortex, and contralesional frontotemporal cortex was a strong predictor of the neurophysiological response to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the ipsilesional motor cortex in people with chronic ischemic stroke. Based on this outcome, we discuss the potential for connectivity to be used as a biomarker to target transcranial direct current stimulation. This includes identification of a connectivity threshold which could be used to select stroke survivors who are likely to respond to this potentially beneficial neuromodulatory treatment. Furthermore, we discuss treatment approaches for those identified as unlikely to benefit from ipsilesional anodal transcranial direct current stimulation based on connectivity profile. This represents an important progression towards targeting transcranial direct current stimulation for best treatment outcome based on individual connectivity characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518809060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518809060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36743069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Particular Medullary-Spinal Inhibitory Pathway is Recruited for the Expression of Muscle Atonia During REM Sleep.","authors":"Sara Valencia Garcia,&nbsp;Pierre-Hervé Luppi,&nbsp;Patrice Fort","doi":"10.1177/1179069518808744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518808744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Muscle atonia is a major pathognomonic sign of paradoxical sleep (PS; coined REM Sleep), during which dreams mainly occur. In the 1980s, an idiopathic syndrome called REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) was described in patients endowed with loss of PS paralysis concomitant to abnormal movements, suggesting a dysfunction of PS networks. Another major clinical RBD feature is its prevalent phenoconversion into synucleinopathies as Parkinson's disease in a delay of 10-15 years after diagnosis. Thus, we undertook experiments in rats to disentangle brainstem networks involved in PS, including atonia. We first identified a contingent of pontine glutamate neurons recruited during PS with inputs to the ventromedial medulla (vmM) where they contact γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glycine inhibitory neurons also activated during PS. Here, we further show that these vmM inhibitory neurons send efferents to somatic spinal motoneurons until lumbar levels. As reported for the pontine generator, the genetic inactivation of the vmM inhibitory neurons abolishes atonia during PS without effects on waking locomotion and is sufficient to recapitulate major RBD symptoms. These original data suggest that RBD may reflect a severe dysfunction and/or degeneration linked to a developing synucleinopathic attack targeting specifically neurons that generate PS-specific atonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518808744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518808744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36743067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cognitive Neuroscience of Design Creativity.","authors":"Leslee Lazar","doi":"10.1177/1179069518809664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518809664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Design cognition is a human cognitive ability that is characterized by multi-faceted skills and competencies. This skill requires finding solutions for a vague problem, where the end point is not specified and the transformations from the problem state to the solution state are also flexible. Designers solve such tasks regularly, but the mental processes involved in such a skill are not known completely. Design research has involved empirical studies and theoretical modeling to understand the cognitive processes underlying this skill. In lab-based studies, a sub-class of problem-solving tasks called \"ill-structured\" tasks has been used to study the design process. However, the use of a cognitive neuroscience perspective has only been nascent. In this review, some defining features of design creativity will be elucidated and a few cognitive neuroscience studies of design creativity that shows the underlying brain networks will be highlighted. Results from these experiments using ill-structured tasks along with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) show that the brain networks underlying design creativity only partially overlap with brain networks underlying other kinds of creativity. This argues for studying design creativity as a unique subset of creativity using experiments that mimic the real-world design creative processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518809664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518809664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36743070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal Muscle Modulates Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis in Mice: Role of Physical Exercise.","authors":"Silvia Corrochano,&nbsp;Gonzalo Blanco,&nbsp;Abraham Acevedo-Arozena","doi":"10.1177/1179069518809059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518809059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic fatal neurodegenerative disorder. However, there is increasing evidence that HD is a pleiotropic systemic disorder. In particular, skeletal muscle metabolism is greatly affected in HD, which in turn can have a major impact on whole-body metabolism and energetic balance. Throughout an unbiased mutagenesis approach in HD mice, we have found that <i>Scn4a</i>, a skeletal muscle-specific sodium channel gene, is a modifier of the disease. Mutations in <i>Scn4a</i> enhance HD disease progression and weight loss by accelerating muscle waste and cachexia, increasing skeletal muscle activity and energy demands. At the molecular level, <i>Scn4a</i> mutations activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to a fibre switch towards more oxidative types. These adaptations seen in HD; <i>Scn4a</i> double mutant muscles are similar to those observed in healthy individuals after endurance exercise training regimes. This prompted us to assess the effects of an endurance exercise regime in HD mice, independently showing that skeletal muscle adaptations leading to the activation of AMPK are detrimental for HD pathogenesis. Although it is undeniable that physical exercise can lead to many health benefits, our work shows that, at least under certain situations such as in HD, an endurance exercise routine could be a detrimental therapeutic option.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518809059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518809059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36649148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Vascular Imaging in Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Current and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Oana M Dumitrascu,&nbsp;Touseef A Qureshi","doi":"10.1177/1179069518801291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518801291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular cognitive disorders are heterogeneous and increasingly recognized entities with intricate correlation to neurodegenerative conditions. Retinal vascular analysis is a noninvasive approach to study cerebrovascular pathology, with promise to assist particularly during early disease phases. In this article, we have systematically summarized the current understanding, potential applications, and inevitable limitations of retinal vascular imaging in patients with vascular cognitive impairment. In addition, future directions in the field with support from automated technology using deep learning methods and their existing challenges are emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518801291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518801291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics.","authors":"David E Olson","doi":"10.1177/1179069518800508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518800508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neural plasticity-the ability to change and adapt in response to stimuli-is an essential aspect of healthy brain function and, in principle, can be harnessed to promote recovery from a wide variety of brain disorders. Many neuropsychiatric diseases including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders arise from an inability to weaken and/or strengthen pathologic and beneficial circuits, respectively, ultimately leading to maladaptive behavioral responses. Thus, compounds capable of facilitating the structural and functional reorganization of neural circuits to produce positive behavioral effects have broad therapeutic potential. Several known drugs and experimental therapeutics have been shown to promote plasticity, but most rely on indirect mechanisms and are slow-acting. Here, I describe psychoplastogens-a relatively new class of fast-acting therapeutics, capable of <i>rapidly</i> promoting structural and functional neural plasticity. Psychoplastogenic compounds include psychedelics, ketamine, and several other recently discovered fast-acting antidepressants. Their use in psychiatry represents a paradigm shift in our approach to treating brain disorders as we focus less on rectifying \"chemical imbalances\" and place more emphasis on achieving selective modulation of neural circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518800508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518800508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Outcome Measures of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Treated Stroke Patients in the Telestroke Technology.","authors":"Jordan Gainey,&nbsp;Leanne Brecthtel,&nbsp;Brice Blum,&nbsp;Aaliyah Keels,&nbsp;Lee Madeline,&nbsp;Ervin Lowther,&nbsp;Thomas Nathaniel","doi":"10.1177/1179069518793412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518793412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficiency of telestroke programs in improving the rates of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in stroke patients has been reported. Previous studies have reported favorable treatment outcomes with the use of telestroke programs to improve the use of rtPA, but functional outcomes are not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of telestroke technology in the administration of rtPA and related functional outcomes associated with baseline clinical variables. Retrospective data of a telestroke registry were analyzed. Univariate analysis was used to compare demographic and clinical variables in the rtPA group and the no rtPA group and between the improved functional ambulation group and the no improvement group. A stepwise binary logistic regression identified factors associated with improved functional outcome in the total telestroke population and in the subset of the telestroke population who received rtPA. In adjusted analysis and elimination of any multicollinearity for patients who received rtPA in the telestroke setting, obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.138, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.164-3.928, <i>P</i> < .05), higher systolic blood pressure at the time of presentation (OR = 1.015, 95% CI, 1.003-1.027, <i>P</i> < .05), and baseline high-density lipoprotein at the time of admission (OR = 1.032, 95% CI, 1.005-1.059, <i>P</i> < .05) were associated with improved functional outcomes. Increasing age (OR = 0.940, 95% CI, 0.916-0.965, <i>P</i> < .0001) and higher calculated National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (OR = 0.903, 95% CI, 0.869-0.937) were associated with a poorer outcome in rtPA-treated patients. Telestroke technology improves functional outcomes at spoke stations where neurological expertise is unavailable. Further studies are necessary to determine how telestroke technology can be optimized, especially to improve contraindications and increase eligibility for thrombolysis therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518793412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518793412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36518348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Mechanisms That Depend on Dopamine and Serotonin in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Interact With the Antipsychotics Risperidone and Aripiprazole.","authors":"Jaime Osuna-Luque,&nbsp;Ángel Rodríguez-Ramos,&nbsp;María Del Mar Gámez-Del-Estal,&nbsp;Manuel Ruiz-Rubio","doi":"10.1177/1179069518798628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518798628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin participate in specific behavioral neuromuscular mechanisms in the nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>. Dopamine is involved in the gentle touch response and serotonin in the pharyngeal pumping rate. In its genome, the worm presents genes encoding dopamine and serotonin receptors orthologous to those of human genes. Risperidone and aripiprazole are a class of drugs known as atypical antipsychotics commonly used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism. Risperidone is an antagonist of the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Aripiprazole functions as a partial agonist of the dopamine D2 receptor and as a partial agonist and antagonist of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A serotonin receptors, respectively. Our results show that risperidone and aripiprazole alter the touch response and pharyngeal pumping in wild-type worm animals. Furthermore, in the presence of the drugs, both behaviors change to varying degrees in dopamine (<i>dop-1, dop-2</i>, and <i>dop-3</i>), serotonin (<i>ser-1</i>), and tyramine (<i>ser-2</i>) receptor-deficient mutants. This variation in response reveals specific targets for these antipsychotics in the nematode. Interestingly, their effect on behavior persisted to some extent in successive generations, indicating that they might induce epigenetic changes throughout development. Sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, eliminated the consecutive generation effect of both drugs. In addition, these transgenerational effects were also abolished after the dauer stage. These observations suggest that risperidone and aripiprazole, in addition to interacting with specific receptors impairing the function of the nervous system of the nematode, may lead to the deposition of long-lasting epigenetic marks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518798628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518798628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36518324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships in Ongoing Structural Maintenances of the Two Cerebral Cortices of an Individual Brain.","authors":"Hong Xie,&nbsp;John Wall,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1177/1179069518795875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518795875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A human brain has separate left and right cerebral cortices, each of which must be continuously structurally maintained during adulthood. There is no understanding of how ongoing structural maintenances of separate parts of a mature individual brain, including the 2 cortices, are related. To explore this issue, this study used an unconventional N-of-1 magnetic resonance imaging time-series paradigm to identify relationships between maintenances of structural thicknesses of the 2 cortices in an adult human brain over week intervals for 6 months. The results suggest that maintenances of left and right cortical thicknesses were symmetrically related in some, but asymmetrically related in other, respects. For matched times, thickness magnitudes and variations on the 2 sides were positively correlated and appeared to reflect maintenance symmetry. Maintenance relationships also extended from earlier to later times with temporal continuity and apparent \"if-then\" contingencies which were reflected in symmetry and asymmetry dynamics spanning 1- to 2-week periods. The findings suggest concepts of individual brain cortical maintenance symmetry, asymmetry, and temporal continuity dynamics that have not been previously recognized. They have implications for defining cortical maintenance traits or states and for development of N-of-1 precision medicine paradigms that can contribute to understanding individual brain health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518795875"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518795875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36477513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maturational Changes of Delta Waves in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Infant Twins.","authors":"Mirjana Vucinovic,&nbsp;Goran Kardum,&nbsp;Jonatan Vukovic,&nbsp;Ana Vucinovic","doi":"10.1177/1179069518797108","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1179069518797108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To compare developmental changes of delta 1 (0.5-2.0 Hz) and delta 2 (2.25-3.75 Hz) power spectra between healthy monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs and among MZ and DZ twin groups during active/REM (AS/REM) and quiet/NREM (QS/NREM) sleep stages at 38th, 46th, and 52nd weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were analyzed using fast Fourier transforms. Differences in the developmental changes of delta power within twin pairs and between twin groups were estimated by calculating mean absolute differences of relative spectral values in delta 1 (0.5-2 Hz) and delta 2 (2.25-3.75 Hz) frequencies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A review of electrodes showed that relative delta 1 power decreased, whereas delta 2 power increased from 38th toward 52nd week of PMA regardless of zygosity, sleep stages, and electrode position. Twin groups did not significantly differ (<i>P</i> > .05) in within-pair MZ and DZ similarity for delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra; similarity between MZ twin partners for delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra was as high as that of DZ twin partners on each electrode position, sleep stage, and period of measurement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Developmental changes of delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra occurred equally in MZ and DZ twin groups during AS and QS sleep stages at 38th, 46th, and 52th PMA. The rhythm of EEG maturation evidenced by the maturation of delta 1 and delta 2 power spectra was not dependent on zygosity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Neuroscience","volume":"12 ","pages":"1179069518797108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1179069518797108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36462695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}