Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation最新文献

{"title":"Digital Reinvention in the Remediation Industry","authors":"J. Horst, W. Kaijim, N. Welty, A. Rayner, Benjamin Arancibia, Shawn Burnell, Monica Dupre, Matthew Schnobrich, F. Appéré","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12304","url":null,"abstract":"This column reviews the general features of PHT3D Version 2, a reactive multicomponent transport model that couples the geochemical modeling software PHREEQC-2 (Parkhurst and Appelo 1999) with three-dimensional groundwater flow and transport simulators MODFLOW2000 and MT3DMS (Zheng and Wang 1999). The original version of PHT3D was developed by Henning Prommer and Version 2 by Henning Prommer and Vincent Post (Prommer and Post 2010). More detailed information about PHT3D is available at the website http://www.pht3d.org. The review was conducted separately by two reviewers. This column is presented in two parts.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"80 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123122743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Diagnostic Tools to Evaluate Remediation Performance at Petroleum Hydrocarbon‐Impacted Sites","authors":"D. Bouchard, D. Hunkeler, E. Madsen, T. Buscheck, E. Daniels, R. Kolhatkar, C. DeRito, R. Aravena, N. Thomson","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12300","url":null,"abstract":"In situ treatment technologies for petroleum hydrocarbon‐impacted sites (e.g., multiphase extraction, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, or in situ chemical oxidation) usually rely on a specific chemical, microbial, or physical contaminant removal process. However, target contaminant concentrations can also vary due to other co‐occurring processes (e.g. delivery of remedial fluids, natural variability), which can confound the ability to demonstrate treatment efficiency. This technical note proposes a methodology that integrates several diagnostic tools to assess treatment performance. Stable isotope methods and biomarkers were selected because they provide process‐specific and, often, also compound‐specific information on contaminant removal. The isotope tools include compound‐specific isotope analysis that can be used to discriminate between a broad range of removal processes, and isotope analysis of oxidants and degradation end products to assess overall transformation of hydrocarbons. The biomarkers cover characteristic metabolites and functional genes on a mRNA rather than DNA level to understand biological activity more carefully. This technical note integrates information from laboratory and field studies, especially controlled‐field experiments where the tools have been evaluated side‐by‐side for different treatment methods. A tiered approach is proposed to deploy the tools in a stepwise manner until sufficient information is obtained to confidently identify the mass removal processes of interest and demonstrate efficacy of the intended treatment mechanism. The order of tool application considers the type of information that can be gained, the level of certainty, and the ease of implementation. The objective of this technical note is to enable widespread use of these diagnostic tools with the motivation to improve the efficacy of in situ treatment systems.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126129895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infiltration of Sulfate to Enhance Sulfate‐Reducing Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons","authors":"Yunxiao Wei, N. Thomson, R. Aravena, M. Marchesi, J. Barker, E. Madsen, R. Kolhatkar, T. Buscheck, D. Hunkeler, C. DeRito","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12298","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of sufficient electron acceptors, particularly sulfate, can limit the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). Hence, there is a growing interest by remediation practitioners to deliver sulfate to a PHC impacted saturated zone to enhance biodegradation. When shallow contamination is present in a relatively permeable aquifer and site constraints allow, a cost‐effective approach is to apply sulfate on the ground surface. In this investigation a pilot‐scale experiment was conducted to increase our understanding of the delivery of sulfate using a surface‐based method and the resulting impact on a shallow PHC contaminated aquifer. A surficial infiltration pond positioned on the ground surface above a well‐characterized residual PHC source zone was used to control sulfate dosing. A high‐resolution network near the infiltration pond and downgradient of the source zone was employed to monitor relevant geochemical indicators and PHC concentrations. Compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) was used to identify biodegradation patterns and to investigate the occurrence of microbial sulfate reduction. Selected metabolites and reverse‐transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of expressed biodegradation genes (as mRNA) were also used to characterize the response of indigenous microorganisms (especially sulfate‐reducing bacteria) to the added sulfate. Three sulfate application episodes (5000 L each) at various Na2SO4 concentrations were allowed to infiltrate under a constant hydraulic head. Although the applied sulfate solution was impacted by density‐driven advection, detailed monitoring data indicated that the sulfate‐enriched water mixed with upgradient groundwater as it migrated downward through the residual PHC zone and formed a co‐mingled downgradient plume with the dissolved PHC compounds. The enrichment of δ34S of sulfate in conjunction with a decrease in sulfate concentration showed the occurrence of sulfate reduction due to the applied sulfate. Increased dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations associated with a shift toward more depleted values of δ13C of DIC was indicative of an input of isotopically depleted DIC from biodegradation of PHCs. Despite fluctuations in benzene, toluene, and o‐xylene (BTX) concentrations, the CSIA data for BTX showed that these compounds were biodegraded. The biomarker data provided supporting evidence that toluene and o‐xylene were undergoing anaerobic biodegradation due to sulfate reduction. This study provides insight into factors controlling surface‐based delivery of sulfate to shallow PHC impacted groundwater systems, and the value of isotopic and molecular‐biological procedures to augment conventional monitoring tools.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128964009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISSN Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/vcp.12656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12656","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120052824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Tools to Assess Mass Removal Processes During Pulsed Air Sparging of a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Source Zone","authors":"D. Bouchard, M. Marchesi, E. Madsen, C. DeRito, N. Thomson, R. Aravena, J. Barker, T. Buscheck, R. Kolhatkar, E. Daniels, D. Hunkeler","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12297","url":null,"abstract":"During remediation of contaminated aquifers, diagnostic tools can help evaluate whether an intended mass removal process was successfully initiated and acted on specific contaminants of concern. In this study, several diagnostic tools were tested in a controlled‐release in situ air sparging experiment that focused on the treatment of target hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes). The tools included compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA), expression of functional genes (mRNA), and metabolites characteristic of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. Total and compound‐specific mass balances were established and used, along with traditional monitoring parameters, to validate the results from the various tools. CSIA results indicated biodegradation as the main process contributing to benzene and toluene removal. Removal process‐specific isotope shifts were detected in groundwater as well as in the system effluent gas. CSIA, metabolite, and mRNA biomarkers consistently indicated that both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of benzene and toluene occurred, but that their relative importance evolved over time and were related to the treatment system operation. While the indicators do not allow quantification of the mass removed, they are particularly useful to identify if a removal process has been initiated, and to track relative changes in the predominance of in situ contaminant attenuation processes resulting from remediation efforts.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132635245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying the HPT‐GWS for Hydrostratigraphy, Water Quality and Aquifer Recharge Investigations","authors":"W. McCall, T. Christy, Mateus K. Evald","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12193","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this study was to evaluate use of the hydraulic profiling tool‐groundwater sampler (HPT‐GWS) log data as an indicator of water quality (level of dissolved ionic species) in an alluvial aquifer. The HPT‐GWS probe is designed for direct push advancement into unconsolidated formations. The system provides both injection pressure logs and electrical conductivity (EC) logs, and groundwater may be sampled at multiple depths as the probe is advanced (profiling). The combination of these three capabilities in one probe has not previously been available. During field work it was observed that when HPT corrected pressure (Pc) indicates a consistent aquifer unit then bulk formation EC can be used as an indicator of water quality. A high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.93) was observed between groundwater specific conductance and bulk formation EC in the sands and gravels of the alluvial aquifer studied. These results indicate that groundwater specific conductance is exerting a controlling influence on the bulk formation EC of the coarse‐grained unit at this site, and probably many similar sites, consistent with Archie's Law. This simple relationship enables the use of the EC and Pc logs, with targeted water samples and a minimum of core samples, to rapidly assess groundwater quality over extended areas at high vertical resolution. This method was used to identify both a brine impacted zone at the base of the aquifer investigated and a groundwater recharge lens developing below storm water holding ponds in the upper portion of the same aquifer. Sample results for trace level, naturally occurring elements (As, Ba, U) further demonstrate the use of this system to sample for low level groundwater contamination.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123700926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Ground Water Monitoring Network Data Providers Meet to Discuss Network Status and Plans","authors":"Lauren Schapker","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122272297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Analysis and Modeling to Optimize Thermal Treatment Cost and Performance","authors":"J. Parker, U. Kim, A. Fortune, Steffen Griepke, J. Galligan, Amber Bonarrigo","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12199","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of in situ thermal treatment is typically to reduce the contaminant mass or average soil concentration below a specified value. Evaluation of whether the objective has been met is usually made by averaging soil concentrations from a limited number of soil samples. Results from several field sites indicate large performance uncertainty using this approach, even when the number of samples is large. We propose a method to estimate average soil concentration by fitting a log normal probability model to thermal mass recovery data. A statistical approach is presented for making termination decisions from mass recovery data, soil sample data, or both for an entire treatment volume or for subregions that explicitly considers estimation uncertainty which is coupled to a stochastic optimization algorithm to identify monitoring strategies to meet objectives with minimum expected cost. Early termination of heating in regions that reach cleanup targets sooner enables operating costs to be reduced while ensuring a high likelihood of meeting remediation objectives. Results for an example problem demonstrate that significant performance improvement and cost reductions can be achieved using this approach.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114609395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Decision Making Algorithm for Managed Aquifer Recharge and Recovery Operation Using Near Real‐Time Data: Benchtop Scale Laboratory Demonstration","authors":"Z. Drumheller, K. Smits, T. Illangasekare, J. Regnery, Jonghyun Lee, P. Kitanidis","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12198","url":null,"abstract":"Aquifers show troubling signs of irreversible depletion as climate change, population growth, and urbanization lead to reduced natural recharge rates and overuse. One strategy to sustain the groundwater supply is to recharge aquifers artificially with reclaimed water or stormwater via managed aquifer recharge and recovery (MAR) systems. Unfortunately, MAR systems remain wrought with operational challenges related to the quality and quantity of recharged and recovered water stemming from a lack of data‐driven, real‐time control. This paper presents a laboratory scale proof‐of‐concept study that demonstrates the capability of a real‐time, simulation‐based control optimization algorithm to ease the operational challenges of MAR systems. Central to the algorithm is a model that simulates water flow and transport of dissolved chemical constituents in the aquifer. The algorithm compensates for model parameter uncertainty by continually collecting data from a network of sensors embedded within the aquifer. At regular intervals the sensor data is fed into an inversion algorithm, which calibrates the uncertain parameters and generates the initial conditions required to model the system behavior. The calibrated model is then incorporated into a genetic algorithm that executes simulations and determines the best management action, for example, the optimal pumping policy for current aquifer management goals. Experiments to calibrate and validate the simulation‐optimization algorithm were conducted in a small two‐dimensional synthetic aquifer under both homogeneous and heterogeneous packing configurations. Results from initial experiments validated the feasibility of the approach and suggested that our system could improve the operation of full‐scale MAR facilities.","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127998002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Chemical Treatment: A Love‐Hate Relationship","authors":"S. Suthersan, J. McDonough, Matthew Schnobrich, C. Divine","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12203","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Collective awareness of the limitations of physical removal strategies during the early to mid-1990s prompted a shift in the remediation industry toward innovative technologies that could destroy contaminant mass in situ. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) was a considerable part of this shift, with catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (CHP) (i.e., Fenton ’ s or modified Fenton ’ s chemistry) leading the way initially. In less than a decade, the challenges and limitations of CHP applications became apparent, which were coupled with further innovation and a growing list of alternative oxidants such as permanganate, ozone, and persulfate. After two decades of experimental improvements and broad-based implementation, there remains a wide spectrum of opinion on the viability of ISCO for contaminated site remediation. The optimists view ISCO as a silver bullet and/or brute-force approach to aggressively achieve remedial objectives in short timeframes, while the pessimists view ISCO defined by contaminant concentration rebound, frustration with cost overruns, and remedy diversion (Figure 1 ). From our experience and interactions with multiple stakeholders, the pessimists greatly outnumber the optimists. Chemical treatment has an extended history in the municipal water and mining industries, where the fast reaction kinetics are tightly controlled within above-ground reactors for cost-effective disinfection or pollutant elimination. These treatment trains are akin to laboratory chemical treatability tests, where reagents, contaminants, and site soil and groundwater are homogenized to achieve ideal contact and uniform treatment reactions. While these reactions are easily accomplished in controlled systems above-grade, in situ chemical treatment (ISCT) via either oxidation or reduction mechanisms (Brown et al. 2006 ; Osgerby 2006 ; Tratnyek 2010 ) are far more complicated to implement in the uncontrolled subsurface environment. As the emergence of ISCT predates recent advances in high-resolution site characterization and the current renaissance in remediation hydrogeology, it is easy to see the underpinnings for the still ongoing pessimism. Current perceptions are founded in a marred history of “failed” demonstrations that were reliant on outdated source characterization and mass transport concepts, and have been perpetuated by inadequate designs and overly optimistic targets—like nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zones. In reality, however, ISCT remains a viable remediation technology when applied within a narrower strike zone characterized by: (1) moderate to high aquifer permeabilities that enable large volume injections and sufficient reagent dosing; (2) geochemical systems containing few reagent scavengers or nontarget dosing sinks; and (3) dissolved-phase contaminant targets within a small adequately characterized footprint. Deviations from this strike zone necessitate a sober assessment of realistic expectations, cost, or reagent delivery alt","PeriodicalId":158105,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","volume":"101 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123160388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}